1、Designation: D4843 88 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forWetting and Drying Test of Solid Wastes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4843; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for determiningmaterial losses produced by repeated wetting and drying ofsolid waste specime
3、ns. It also covers the visual observation ofthe disintegration of solid specimens.1.2 This test method intends that the material used in theprocedure be physically, chemically, and biologically represen-tative; hence it does not address problems as a result of theinhomogeneity of specimens.1.3 The v
4、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
5、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Mois
6、ture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended for the evaluation of thewetting and drying resistance of monolithic, solid, solidified/stabilized wastes under the testing conditions of this testmethod.3.2 This test method may be used for the comparison
7、ofwetting and drying resistance of wastes.3.3 Data tabulated in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 may beused to observe irregularities caused by inhomogeneity ofspecimens, or comparison of mass loss-cycle relations ofdifferent wastes, or both, as well as to measure method-relatedmass losses such as matr
8、ix dissolution.4. Apparatus4.1 Disposable Molds, 44 mm inside diameter by 74 mm inlength.4.2 Balance or Scale, with a capacity at least 50 % greaterthan the mass of the specimen and beaker, and a sensitivity of0.01 g.4.3 Drying Oven, a thermostatically controlled drying ovencapable of maintaining a
9、temperature of 60 6 2C; to be usedfor drying moisture specimen and for the solids contentdetermination.4.4 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 63C; at a nitrogen purge rate specified in 4.5.4.5 Flow Controller, to set nitrogen purge flow at a rate thatwill give 30 6 5 min residence time
10、.4.6 Moisture Chamber, a suitably covered container capableof maintaining a temperature of 20 6 3C and minimum 95 %relative humidity, for preconditioning specimens.4.7 Beakers, 400-mLsize (narrow type), to store sample andto collect particulates.4.8 Tongs, to handle samples.5. Sample Preparation5.1
11、Specimen Size44 mm diameter by 74 mm in length.5.1.1 Specimens may be cut to size from larger samples.5.1.2 Specimens can also be molded in disposable plasticmolds. When molding specimens refer to Practice C305 (see2.1).NOTE 1Practice C305 refers to pastes and mortars. Molding materialswith differen
12、t consistency may require modifications and may result indifferent precision.5.2 Condition samples that are not molded for this test in themoisture chamber for a period of seven days.5.2.1 Samples molded for this test have to be cured in themoisture chamber for a period of 28 days.1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.06 onAnalytical Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4843 88 (2009).D
14、OI: 10.1520/D4843-88R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Procedure6.1 Select one specimen for moisture content determination.6.2 Determine moisture content of sample with Test MethodD2216 but revised to use a temperature of 60 6 3C (see 2.1).6.3 Select three specimens for test
16、ing and three for controland mark them respectively.6.4 Weigh specimens (accuracy to 0.01 g).6.5 Place each specimen into a beaker of known tare mass(accuracy to 0.01 g) and cover it.6.5.1 Use watch glass or plastic wrap.6.5.2 The tare mass of beaker shall be determined afterdrying in accordance wit
17、h Test Method D2216.6.6 Place the three beakers containing the testing specimensin an oven. Maintain the temperature at 60 6 3C for 24 hwhile purging the oven with nitrogen gas at the controlled flowrate corresponding to 30 6 5 min residence time.6.6.1 In order to remove moisture from the nitrogen s
18、tream,a water-cooled condenser and condensate collection flask maybe used downstream from the oven.6.7 Store the three beakers with the control specimens in themoisture chamber at 20C for 24 h.D4843 88 (2016)26.8 Remove the specimens from the vacuum oven and themoisture chamber. Allow 1 h for the sa
19、mple to cool to roomtemperature. Add 230 mL distilled water to the beaker to fullycover the specimens.6.8.1 Add laboratory temperature water 20 6 3C.6.9 Place a watch glass or plastic wrap on the beakers andstore the water covered specimens at 20 6 3C for 23 h; thentransfer them to new beakers prepa
20、red according to 6.5.6.9.1 Use tongs to transfer specimens. Excessive tong pres-sure may result in premature failure or damage specimen.6.10 Remove any loosely attached particulates by sprayingdistilled water from a wash bottle to the surface of specimen(10 to 20 mL distilled water). Let the water d
21、rain into thebeaker of origin.6.11 Conduct visual observation on the specimens physicaldeterioration including: cracking, fracturing, integrity, andsurface roughness.6.12 Determine the specimens mass loss; solid content inbeakers by evaporating water at 60 6 3C in drying oven.6.13 Correct the averag
22、e relative mass loss of samples usingthe average relative mass loss of control specimens.6.14 Repeat the procedures in 6.5 through 6.10 elevenadditional times, for a total of 12 cycles.6.15 Terminate experiment of all specimens if the correctedcumulative mass loss of any of the specimens exceeds 30
23、%(failure), and note the number of cycles survived.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the dry mass of the specimens as follows:Ms5S1 2w100%DMsw(1)where:Ms= oven dry mass of specimen, gMsw= initial mass of specimen, g, andw = moisture content, %.It is assumed that the moisture contents of specimens areident
24、ical. Oven dry masses of sample and control specimensare calculated on that basis.7.2 Calculate corrected mass loss of specimens after eachcycle. Express mass loss in percent of initial calculatedoven-dry mass. Calculate average cumulated corrected massloss of specimens after each cycle.Wi,s,j5 Ti,s
25、,j2 Bi,s,j(2)where:Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,Ti,s,j= oven-dry mass of beaker and residue of sample jafter cycle i,g,andBi,s,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for sample j before cyclei,g.Wi,c,j5 Ti,c,j2 Bi,c,j(3)where:Wi,c,j= mass loss of control j during cycle i,g,Ti,c,j= oven-dry mas
26、s of beaker and residue of control jafter cycle i,g,andBi,c,j= oven-dry mass of beaker for control j before cycle i,g.Ri,s,j5Wi,s,jMs,j(4)where:Ri,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j during cycle i,%,Wi,s,j= mass loss of sample j during cycle i,g,andMs,j= oven-dry mass of specimen j,g.Ri,c,j5Wi,c,jM
27、c,j(5)where:Ri,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%,Wi,c,j= mass loss of control j during cycle i,g,andMc,j= oven-dry mass of control j,g.Ri,s5(j5123Ri,s,j3(6)where:Ri,s= average relative mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,s,j= relative mass loss of sample j during c
28、ycle i,%.Ri,c5(j5123Ri,c,j3(7)where:Ri,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,c,j= relative mass loss of control j during cycle i,%.D4843 88 (2016)3Ci5 Ri,s2 Ri,c(8)where:Ci= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%,Ri,s= average relative
29、 mass loss of samples (j =13)during cycle i,%,andRi,c= average relative mass loss of control (j =13)during cycle i,%.Si5(i512iCi(9)where:Si= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after i cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%.S5(I
30、51212Ci(10)where:S= average cumulated, corrected relative mass loss ofsamples after 12 cycles, %, andCi= average corrected relative mass loss of samples(j =13)during cycle i,%.8. Report8.1 Report the following information:8.1.1 Moisture content of specimens.8.1.2 Average cumulative, corrected relati
31、ve mass loss after12 cycles. (S)8.1.3 Number of cycles survived if the specimens did notsurvive 12 cycles of testing.8.1.4 Results of visual observation after each cycle (physi-cal deterioration).9. Precision and Bias39.1 The precision of this test method, in terms of standarddeviation, was determin
32、ed in an interlaboratory experimentinvolving five laboratories, two types of samples, and respec-tive controls. Duplicates of samples and controls were mea-sured in each laboratory.9.2 The precision of this test method can be expressed asfollows:Sample Code Mean (X) Standard Deviation(s)LFPCFP0.0240
33、.1120.0380.1389.3 The precision of this test method may be dependent onthe level of the properties measured.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
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36、feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual r
37、eprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D34-1004.D4843 88 (2016)4
