1、Designation: D 4914 08Standard Test Methods forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil and Rock in Place by theSand Replacement Method in a Test Pit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thein-place density and unit weight of s
3、oil and rock using apouring device and calibrated sand to determine the volume ofa test pit. The word “rock in these test methods is used toimply that the material being tested will typically containparticles larger than 3 in. (75 mm).1.2 These test methods are best suited for test pits with avolume
4、 from 0.03 to 0.17 m3(1 to 6 ft3). In general, thematerials tested would have a maximum particle size of 75 to125 mm (3 to 5 in.).1.2.1 These test methods may be used for larger sizedexcavations if desirable. However, for larger sized excavations,Test Method D 5030 is preferred.1.2.2 Test Method D 1
5、556 or D 2167 are usually used todetermine the volume of test holes smaller than 0.03 m3(1 ft3).While the equipment illustrated in these test methods is usedfor volumes less than 0.03 m3(1 ft3), the test methods allowlarger versions of the equipment to be used when necessary.1.3 Two test methods are
6、 provided as follows:1.3.1 Test Method AIn-Place Density and Unit Weight ofTotal Material (Section 9).1.3.2 Test Method BIn-Place Density and Unit Weight ofControl Fraction (Section 10).1.4 Selection of Test Methods:1.4.1 Test Method A is used when the in-place unit weightof total material is to be
7、determined. Test MethodAcan also beused to determine percent compaction or percent relativedensity when the maximum particle size present in the in-placematerial being tested does not exceed the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test (refer to TestMethods D 698, D 1557, D 425
8、3, and D 4254). For TestMethods D 698 and D 1557 only, the unit weight determined inthe laboratory compaction test may be corrected for largerparticle sizes in accordance with, and subject to the limitationsof Practice D 4718.1.4.2 Test Method B is used when percent compaction orpercent relative den
9、sity is to be determined and the in-placematerial contains particles larger than the maximum particlesize allowed in the laboratory compaction test or when PracticeD 4718 is not applicable for the laboratory compaction test.Then the material is considered to consist of two fractions, orportions. The
10、 material from the in-place unit weight test isphysically divided into a control fraction and an oversizefraction based on a designated sieve size. The unit weight ofthe control fraction is calculated and compared with the unitweight(s) established by the laboratory compaction test(s).1.4.2.1 Becaus
11、e of possible lower densities created whenthere is particle interference (see Practice D 4718), the percentcompaction of the control fraction should not be assumed torepresent the percent compaction of the total material in thefield.1.4.3 Normally, the control fraction is the minus No. 4 sievesize m
12、aterial for cohesive or nonfree draining materials and theminus 3-in. sieve size material for cohesionless, free-drainingmaterials. While other sizes are used for the control fraction(38,34-in.), these test methods have been prepared using onlythe No. 4 and the 3-in. sieve sizes for clarity.1.5 Any
13、materials that can be excavated with hand tools canbe tested provided that the void or pore openings in the massare small enough (or a liner is used) to prevent the calibratedsand used in the test from entering the natural voids. Thematerial being tested should have sufficient cohesion or particlein
14、terlocking to maintain stable sides during excavation of thetest pit and through completion of this test. It should also befirm enough not to deform or slough due to the minor pressuresexerted in digging the hole and pouring the sand.1.6 These test methods are generally limited to material inan unsa
15、turated condition and are not recommended for mate-rials that are soft or friable (crumble easily) or in a moisturecondition such that water seeps into the hand-excavated hole.The accuracy of the test methods may be affected for materials1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committe
16、e D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 4914 99.1*A Summary of Changes section appears
17、 at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.that deform easily or that may undergo volume change in theexcavated hole from standing or walking near the hole duringthe test.1.7 These test methods use SI
18、 units with converted inch-pounds in parentheses.1.7.1 In the engineering profession it is customary to useunits representing both mass and force interchangeably, unlessdynamic calculations are involved. This implicitly combinestwo separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system andthe gravi
19、metric system. It is undesirable to combine the use oftwo separate systems within a single standard. These testmethods have been written using inch-pound units (gravimetricsystem) where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force(weight). However, conversions are given in the SI system. Theuse of bal
20、ances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), orthe recording of density in lbm/ft3should not be regarded asnonconformance with these test methods.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026 unless supersed
21、ed by this standard.1.8.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material
22、variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significa
23、nt digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi
24、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Sections 7 and A1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content
25、of Aggregate by DryingD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD 1557 Test M
26、ethods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon MethodD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock b
27、y MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density
28、 and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials Testin
29、gD 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as follows in 3.2, all def
30、initions are in accor-dance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 control fractionthe portion of a soil sample consist-ing of particles smaller than a designated sieve size.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis fraction is used to compare in-place unit weights with unit we
31、ights obtained from standardlaboratory tests. The control sieve size depends on the labora-tory test used.3.2.2 oversize particlesthe portion of a soil sample con-sisting of the particles larger than a designated sieve size.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The ground surface at the test location is prep
32、ared and atemplate (metal frame) is placed and fixed into position. Thevolume of the space between the top of the template and theground surface is determined by filling the space with cali-brated sand using a pouring device. The mass of the sandrequired to fill the template in place is determined a
33、nd the sandremoved. Material from within the boundaries of the templateis excavated forming a pit. Calibrated sand is then poured intothe pit and template; the mass of sand within the pit and thevolume of the hole are determined. The wet density of thein-place material is calculated from the mass of
34、 materialremoved and the measured volume of the test pit. The watercontent is determined and the dry unit weight of the in-placematerial is calculated.4.2 The unit weight of a control fraction of the material canbe determined by subtracting the mass and volume of anyoversize particles from the initi
35、al values and recalculating theunit weight.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D49140825. Signifi
36、cance and Use5.1 These test methods are used to determine the in-placedensity of compacted materials in construction of earth em-bankments, road fills, and structure backfill. For constructioncontrol, these test methods are often used as the bases foracceptance of material compacted to a specified d
37、ensity or to apercentage of a maximum unit weight determined by astandard laboratory test method (such as determined from TestMethod D 698 or D 1557), subject to the limitations discussedin 1.4.5.2 These test methods can be used to determine thein-place density of natural soil deposits, aggregates,
38、soilmixtures, or other similar material.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that mee
39、t the criteria of PracticeD 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance withPractice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable testingdepends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of
40、evaluatingsome of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance or ScaleAbalance (or scale) to determine themass of the calibrated sand and the excavated soil having aminimum capacity of 20 kg (44 lbm) and meeting the require-ments of Specification D 4753 for a balance of 1-g (0.002-lbm)readability.6.2 Bala
41、nce or ScaleA balance (or scale) to determinemoisture content of minus No. 4 material having a minimumcapacity of 1000 g (2.2-lbm) and meeting the requirements ofSpecification D 4753 for a balance of 0.1 g readability.6.3 Drying OvenAn oven, thermostatically controlled,preferably of the forced-draft
42、 type, and capable of maintaininga uniform temperature of 110 6 5C throughout the dryingchamber.6.4 SievesNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and 75-mm (3-in.)sieve, conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.6.5 Metal TemplateA square or circular template to serveas a pattern for the excavation. Templat
43、e dimensions, shapes,and material may vary according to the size of the test pit to beexcavated. The template shall be rigid enough not to deflect orbend.NOTE 2The template shown in Fig. 1 represents a design that hasbeen found suitable for this purpose.6.6 Liner, approximately 0.013 mm (0.0005 in.)
44、 thick andlarge enough to line the test pit with about 0.3 m (1 ft)extending beyond the outside of the template. Any type ofmaterial, plastic sheeting, etc., can be used as long as it isflexible enough to conform to the ground surface.6.7 Sand Pouring Devices(See Fig. 2 for typical devices.)Many typ
45、es of pouring devices are available. The device musthave a spout that will reach into a field test pit so that the dropdistance from the end of the spout to the sand surface can bemaintained at about 2 in. (50 mm). The inside diameter of thespout must also be large enough to allow free flow of the s
46、andwithout clogging.6.8 Metal Straightedge, about 50 mm (2 in.) high, at least 3mm (18 in.) thick, and with a length 1.5 times the side length(or diameter) of the metal template, used for screeding excesssand placed in template. It must have a thickness or rigiditysuch that it will not bend when scr
47、eeding the sand.6.9 SandThe sand must be clean, dry, uniform, unce-mented, durable, and free flowing. The gradation, physicalcharacteristics, selection, and storage of the sand shall meet therequirements of Test Method D 1556 except that the maximumparticle size may be No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.6.9.1 If
48、 the test methods are used for test pits larger thanabout 0.17 m3(6 ft3), a one-size material relatively free of finesand of a larger particle size, such as pea gravel, may be used.6.10 Miscellaneous EquipmentShovels for preparing testsurface; hammer for seating template; assorted small brushes,pick
49、s, chisels, bars, knives, and spoons for digging test pit;buckets with lids, seamless cans with lids, or other suitablecontainers for retaining the test sample and sand withoutmoisture change; bags or other suitable containers for wastesand; cloth for collecting excess sand or soil; and assorted pansand porcelain dishes suitable for drying moisture contentspecimens.7. Hazards7.1 Precaution:7.1.1 These test methods may involve handling heavy loads.7.1.2 Some sands used in the procedures outlined hereinmay be dusty and appropriate precautions should be takenwhen
