1、Designation: D5034 09 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forBreaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (GrabTest)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method c
3、overs the grab and modified grab testprocedures for determining the breaking strength and elonga-tion of most textile fabrics. Provisions are made for wet testing.1.1.1 The grab test procedure is applicable to woven,nonwoven, and felted fabrics, while the modified grab testprocedure is used primaril
4、y for woven fabrics.1.2 This test method is not recommended for glass fabrics,or for knitted fabrics and other textile fabrics which have highstretch (more than 11 %).NOTE 1For the determination of the breaking force and elongation oftextile fabrics using the raveled strip test procedure and the cut
5、 strip testprocedure, refer to Test Method D5035.1.3 This test method provides the values in both inch-poundunits and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correctname for the customary units used in the United States. SI unitsis the technically correct name for the system of metric unitskno
6、wn as the International System of Units. The values statedin either acceptable metric units or in other units shall beregarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other, without combining inany
7、way.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
8、use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarrier
9、s to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens (Withdrawn 20
10、10)3D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabr
11、ics and Fabric TestMethods3. Terminology3.1 For definition of textile terms used in this test method:breaking force, breaking load, elongation, extension, tensiletest, refer to Terminology D4848.3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:constant-rate-of-extension (CRE tensile tes
12、ting machine,constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing machine, constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machine, refer to Termi-nology D4849.3.3 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:grab test in fabric testing, and modified grab test in fabrictesting refer to Terminolo
13、gy D4850.3.4 For all other textile terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D123.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Pub
14、lished August 2017. Replaces GrabTesting sections of Test Method D1682 90. Originally approved in 1990. Lastprevious edition approved in 2013 as D503409(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5034-09R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
15、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
16、8-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techni
17、cal Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Summary of Test Method4.1 A 100-mm (4.0-in.) wide specimen is mounted centrallyin clamps of a tensile testing machine and a force applied untilthe specimen breaks. Values for the breaking force and theelongation of the test specimen are obtained from machine
18、scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a computerinterfaced with the testing machine.4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying outfabric grab tensile tests using two types of specimens and threealternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use thefollowing identificatio
19、n system of specific specimen and ma-chine combinations.4.2.1 Type of specimen:4.2.1.1 GGrab4.2.1.2 MGModified grab4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:4.2.2.1 EConstant-rate-of-extension (CRE)4.2.2.2 LConstant-rate-of-load (CRL)4.2.2.3 TConstant-rate-of -traverse (CRT)4.2.3 Possible combinations c
20、an be identified as follows:Test SpecimenType of TesterConstant-Rate-of-ExtensionConstant-Rate-of-LoadConstant-Rate-of-TraverseGrab G-E G-L G-TModified Grab MG-E MG-L MG-TFor example, Test Method D5034, G-E refers to a grab test carried out on aconstant rate-of-extension tensile testing machine.5. S
21、ignificance and Use5.1 The grab test procedure in this test method for thedetermination of breaking force and elongation is consideredsatisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments ofmost woven or nonwoven textile fabrics, and the modified grabtest procedure is considered satisfactory f
22、or acceptance testingof commercial shipments of most woven textile fabrics, sincethe procedures have been used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences inreported test values when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial
23、shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens which a
24、re as homogeneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an
25、acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of theknown bias.5.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted f
26、abricsbecause of their high stretch.5.3 Some modification of technique may be necessary forany fabric having a strength in excess of 200-N/cm (1140-lb/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for usewhen necessary for strong fabrics.5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing
27、 fabricseither conditioned or wet.5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machinesoperating on different principles is not recommended. Whendifferent types of machines are used for comparison testing,constant-time-to-break at 20 6 3 s is the established way ofproducing data. Even then the dat
28、a may differ significantly.5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension is preferred inthese procedures, in cases of dispute, unless there is agreementto the contrary between the purchaser and the supplier, aconstant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.5.7 The grab test procedure is applicable to th
29、e determina-tion of the effective strength of the fabric; that is, the strengthof the yarns in a specific width together with the fabricassistance from the adjacent yarns. The breaking force deter-mined by the grab procedure is not a reflection of the strengthof the yarns actually gripped between cl
30、amps and cannot beused for direct comparison with yarn strength determinations.Grab test specimens require much less time to prepare althoughthey require more fabric per specimen. There is no simplerelationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amountof fabric assistance depends on the ty
31、pe of fabric and construc-tion variables.5.8 The modified grab test procedure is applicable to thedetermination of the breaking force of fabrics with construc-tions in which the application of tensile stress on raveled stripspecimens produces further unraveling. This test method isparticularly appli
32、cable to high-strength fabrics.6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT typeconforming to Specification D76, with respect to forceindication, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator,and designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (1
33、2Metric Equivalentsin. 1 2mm 25 50FIG. 1 Schematic Illustration of Jaw Faces for Modified GrabTestD5034 09 (2017)26 0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, orinterchangeable weights as required to obtain the 20 6 3-stime-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesEach jaw fac
34、e shall be smooth,flat, and with a metallic, or other agreed upon, gripping surface.The faces shall be parallel and have matching centers withrespect to one another in the same clamp and to the corre-sponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.2.1 For grab tests, each clamp shall have a front (or top)jaw
35、 face measuring 25 6 1 mm (1.0 6 0.02 in.) perpendicularto the direction of the application of the force, and not less than25 nor more than 50 mm (1.0 nor more than 2.0 in.) parallel tothe direction of the application of the force (Note 2). The back,or bottom, jaw face of each clamp shall be at leas
36、t as large asits mate. Use of a larger face for the second jaw reduces theproblem of front and back jaw face misalignment.NOTE 2Front (or top) faces measuring 25 by 50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.)will not necessarily give the same value as 25 by 25-mm (1.0 by 1.0-in.)faces. For many materials, the former are
37、 preferable because of the largergripping area which tends to reduce slippage. While both sizes of grippingsurface are permitted, the face sizes used must be the same for all samplesin the test and must be recorded in the report.6.2.2 For modified grab tests, the top (or front) jaw facesshall measur
38、e 25 by 50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.) or more, with thelonger dimension parallel to the direction of load application.The bottom (or back) jaw faces shall measure 50 by 50 mm(2.0 by 2.0 in.) or more. (See Fig. 1.)6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, 170 g (6 oz) with at least100-mm (4.0-in.) width anvils.6.4 Distil
39、led Water, for wet testing.6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.6.7 Standard Fabrics4, for use in verification of apparatus.(See Annex A1.)6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm (38-in.) diameter by 125mm (5 in.) long. Two are required if used.7. Sampling7.1
40、 Lot SampleTake a lot sample as directed in theapplicable material specification. In the absence of such aspecification, randomly take rolls or pieces that constitute thelot sample using the following schedule:Number of Rolls, Pieces in Lot,InclusiveNumber of Rolls or Pieces in LotSample1to3 all4to2
41、4 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls orpiecesNOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a rollof fabric to provide a sampling plan
42、with a meaningful producers risk,consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFrom each roll or piece of fabrictaken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory samplethe full width of the fabric and1m(1yd)along the selvage(machine direction).NOTE 4R
43、esults obtained on small hand samples (swatches) can onlybe considered as representative of the sample swatch and cannot beassumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the handsample (swatch) was taken.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sample, take fivespecimens from the warp (ma
44、chine) direction and eight speci-mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for eachtesting condition.7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine DirectionStandard conditionsfor testing textiles.7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine DirectionWet at 21C (70F).7.3.1.3 Filling or
45、Cross DirectionStandard conditions fortesting textiles.7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross DirectionWet at 21C (70F).7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique andunfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens toestablish the proper rate of loading (or speed for testing).8. Conditioning8.1
46、 For Conditioned Testing:8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than themoisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in PracticeD1776.8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standardatmosphere for testing text
47、iles as directed in Practice D1776.Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when theincrease in mass of the specimen in successive weighings madeat intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of themass of the specimen.NOTE 5It is recognized that in practice, materials are frequently
48、notweighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached. Whileconditioning for a fixed time cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it maybe sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standardatmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before thespecim
49、ens are tested. As a guide the following conditioning periods aresuggested:FiberMinimum Condi-tioning Period, h5Animal Fibers (for example, wool, and regenerated proteins) 8Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6Viscose 8Acetate 4Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relativehumidity28.2 For Wet Testing:8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall beimmersed in water at room temperature until thoroughly wetted(Note 6). To thoroughly wet a specimen, it may be necessary to4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.5These per
