1、Designation: D 5117 09Standard Test Method forDye Penetration of Solid Fiberglass Reinforced PultrudedStock1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This dye-penetrant test method covers a means ofevaluating solid fiberglass all-roving reinforced pultruded rodor bar st
3、ock for longitudinal wicking. There are generally threemechanisms that promote wicking, any or all of which may beoperating at a given time.NOTE 1The specimens cross-section may reflect delaminations,longitudinal continuous voids, or the presence of hollow fibers, or allthree. Occasionally these fla
4、ws may be detected by this test, but other testsare usually required.1.2 The results of a wicking test are dependent on specimentype and size, penetrant type, time of exposure in the penetrant,penetrant viscosity, etc. Any attempt to use a wicking test toestablish specification criteria should be ma
5、de with great care.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in n
6、onconformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
7、ns prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 10.3 and 10.6.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 3918 Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded ProductsE 691 Pract
8、ice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 wickingtransmission of a gas or liquid due topressure differential or capillary action along fibers incorpo-rated in a fiberglass reinforced pu
9、ltruded product.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 All-roving pultruded rod stock is tested by placing thespecimen(s) on end into the dye penetrant to a specified depthand observing the wicking action as spots, or dots, on theopposite, dry face.4.2 The wicking action through the length of the specimenis d
10、ue to the capillary action of the penetrant through the openpathways in the composite. These pathways are typicallyoccupied by air and can be caused by continuous voids, cracks,or hollow fibers, or all three, in the reinforcement.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for establishing
11、 the integrityof composite rod. The presence of voids, cracks, and hollowfibers are considered detrimental to the structural integrity ofthe composite and may cause reduced electrical resistance andincreased current leakage.5.2 A perfect composite would be flaw-free, and therewould be no possibility
12、 of wicking. Composites of this type arevirtually nonexistent, as there will typically be entrapped air inthe resin developed during manufacture, occasional hollowfibers, and occasional cracks due to thermal stresses.5.3 This test method is intended to provide a tool formeasuring the extent of wicki
13、ng in a composite over very shortlengths of material for comparative purposes. The presence ofwicking over 1 in. (2.54 cm) lengths may not necessarily implythat the composite will perform unsatisfactorily for its intendedend-use. Therefore, interpretation of test results should bemade with care.1Thi
14、s test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced Thermoset-ting Plastics.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2003
15、as D 5117 - 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
16、end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.4 This test method was developed as a technique forestimating quality and consistency of pultruded rod and barstock, which is a composite of resin and all-roving r
17、einforce-ment. The manufacturing process may also affect the quality ofthe product. It should be useful for a manufacturer in deter-mining whether any gross changes in quality have taken placedue to process or raw material changes.5.5 Since the results of this test are so sensitive to samplesize, pe
18、netrant type, penetrant used, viscosity, duration of test,and other factors, no attempt to arrive at or recommenddevelopment of a specification for these materials has beenmade. It is suggested that such a specification should benegotiated between supplier and end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Dye Penetrant3
19、6.2 Ultraviolet Light SourceThe penetrant used is fluo-rescent, and requires a black lamp light source.6.3 Dark RoomAn area for viewing the presence offluorescent spots on the test specimens is required.6.4 HoodThere is a need to provide adequate air ventila-tion for the elimination of any annoying
20、vapors from thepenetrant. These vapors are nontoxic, but could be an irritant.6.5 Shallow Pan, for holding the penetrant is required. Athin, spongy material that can be placed in the pan and uponwhich the specimens may rest is recommended.6.6 Stop Watch, or other means for timing the length of thete
21、st is required.6.7 Magnifying Glass,53, recommended for identifyingvery small fluorescent specks, or dots, on the specimens upperface. It is not regarded as essential.7. Materials7.1 This test method was developed for use on solidpultruded all-roving rod and bar stock reinforced with fiber-glass. An
22、 evaluation employed 1 in. diameter rod stock usingepoxy, vinyl ester and polyester resins. It is recognized that thistest method will be used with other resin system and rod-stocksizes.7.2 Use rod-stock representative of typical production lotsand select random specimens for testing.8. Sampling and
23、 Test Specimens8.1 Take at least three test specimens for each sample.8.2 Specimens shall not be taken from material that hasbeen damaged or subjected to previous testing.8.3 Select at least three 1-in. (2.54 cm) length specimenstaken at random locations along the rod stock to be tested.These should
24、 be cut dry with a diamond-dust blade to ensure asmooth test surface.8.4 In order to prevent the problem of wicking up the sidesof some composites, paint a ring of clear nail polish or othersuitable inhibitor below the top surface and around the circum-ference of each test specimen.9. Conditioning9.
25、1 Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C (73.4 63.6F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618.9.2 Test ConditionsConduct all testing in the StandardLaboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 610 % relative humid
26、ity, unless otherwise specified.10. Procedure10.1 Preheat the ultraviolet light source for 15 min or inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Posi-tion the light to shine on the pan (penetrant) surface.10.2 Place a thin, spongy material such as common house-hold plastic foam sponge on th
27、e bottom of the pan to supportthe specimens. This material aids in properly wetting thebottom surface of the specimen and reduces possible problemsassociated with air entrapment.10.3 Add sufficient dye to the pan such that the specimenswill be immersed to a depth of18 in. (0.32 cm) while resting ont
28、he sponge. This depth should be predetermined with an extrapiece of rod stock.10.4 WarningAvoid hand contact with the penetrant topreclude possible contamination of the specimens duringhandling. Wash hands thoroughly before proceeding, shouldcontact with the penetrant occur.Place each specimen on en
29、d in the penetrant to the depthspecified in 10.3 and staggered from the rest of the group. Theactual time of immersion for each shall be recorded if morethan six specimens are to be tested at one time. Otherwise, allspecimens shall be considered to be immersed at the sametime. When more than six spe
30、cimens are tested, an interval of30 s between the respective immersions shall be observed. Forexample, if a group of nine specimens were to be tested, onecould be added at T = 0, the next at T = 30 s, and the last atT = 4.0 min.10.5 Immerse each specimen such that its lower face isinserted into the
31、dye normal to the supporting sponge to ensureoptimum coating of its surface. Press down lightly on the upperface of the specimen to effect its positive sealing.10.6 See Warning in 10.4.10.7 Position the specimens in the penetrant in a row left toright such that the first, second, etc. can be easily
32、identified.10.8 Record the time for the appearance of the first dot.10.9 Count upper face wicking dots (fluorescent specks)following 30 min of penetrant immersion. For a large group ofspecimens, the counting must be completed between 29 min,45 s and 30 min, 15 s for each specimen.10.9.1 The immersio
33、n time of 30 min for all specimens isparticularly critical and must be observed within the limitsspecified under 10.9 if meaningful data are to be obtained. Infact, the time at which the extent of wicking is determined hasbeen found to be the greatest single source of error ininterlaboratory compari
34、sons of wicking data.10.10 If an error is made, or if a specimen falls into thepenetrant, reject that specimen and run a retest from retainedstock.10.11 Test at least three specimens per sample.3Zyglo Penetrex ZL 30A dye penetrant, manufactured by Magnaflex, orequivalent, is suitable for this purpos
35、e. During the initial round-robin work, threestandard penetrants of the industry were evaluated. The above referenced penetrantprovided the most discriminating, rapid, and consistent results.D511709210.12 Record the time to the first dot. Record the totalnumber of wicking dots, or specks, for each s
36、pecimen after30-min immersion, discounting those that have merged as one.Should the latter condition exist, discontinue the test for thatparticular specimen and test another.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing resin type,
37、machine identification, dimensions, reinforce-ment type, manufacturers code, etc.,11.1.2 Conditioning procedure used, if different than stipu-lated,11.1.3 Test room conditions,11.1.4 Individual specimens tested, with individual wickingdata,11.1.5 The average of the individual wicking data for eachsa
38、mple,11.1.6 Date of test, and11.1.7 Any deviations from the test method shall be in-cluded, such as alternate penetrant source, etc.12. Precision12.1 RepeatabilityThe critical difference table below wasobtained on the same material by a single operator using thesame instrument. Two averages of wicki
39、ng data taken within asingle laboratory for a 1 in. (2.54 cm) diameter fiberglassreinforced solid rod stock can be considered significantlydifferent at 95 % confidence if the values differ by more thanthose listed in the following table.TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vinyl EsterRepeatab
40、ility 7.85 4.17 13.512.2 Reproducibility The critical difference table shownbelow represents data obtained by two different operators usingdifferent instruments in different laboratories. Two averages ofwicking data taken in different laboratories for a 1 in. (2.54 cm)diameter fiberglass reinforced
41、solid rod stock can be consid-ered significantly different at 95 % confidence if the valuesdiffer by more than those listed in the following table.TABLE Number of Wicking DotsPolyester Epoxy Vinyl EsterReproducibility 9.41 4.17 14.612.3 The above precision data were generated as the resultof an indu
42、stry round-robin in which seven laboratories partici-pated, using rod stock from a single suppliers standardinventory.13. Keywords13.1 dye penetration test; pultruded rod; rod stock; wickingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the las
43、t issue(D 5117 - 03) that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2009)(1) Add “all-roving” and “or bar” to 1.1.(2) Rewrote 4.1.(3) Changed “flaws” to wicking in 5.3 because some wickingwill always occur and this is not necessarily a flaw.(4) Added “for comparative purposes” in 5.3.(5) Ad
44、ded “and bar,” “all roving,” and “manufacturing” in 5.4.(6) Added “all roving” and “and bar” to 7.1.(7) Added 10.8 for an additional data point.(8) Changed the number of subsections in Section 10 toaccommodate 10.8.(9) Added “record the time to the first dot” in 10.12.(10) Changed the humidity to 10
45、 % variation in 9.1 and 9.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infr
46、ingement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standa
47、rd or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your vie
48、ws known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D5117093
