1、Designation: D5364 081D5364 14 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDesign, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTETable 1 and Figure 1 were editorially corrected i
3、n March 2010.INTRODUCTIONFederal and state environmental regulations have imposed strict requirements to clean the gasesleaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (6001000 ft (183305 m) andlower gas temperatures (120200F (4993C) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Sys
4、tems(ACQS). These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chimney linersin the 1970s.Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loadsover long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility a
5、nd general-processindustries for over 40 years. The taller FRPstructures and larger diameters (1030 ft (39 m) imposednew design, fabrication, and erection challenges.The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address thespecific characteristics of the materia
6、l. Areas that have been shown to be of importance include thefollowing:(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operatingand excursion temperature, velocity, etc.(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.(3) Material
7、selection and laminate design.(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrityof the corrosion barrier and the structural laminate.(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.(6) Installation and handling.(7) Inspections and Con
8、firmation Testing.Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inner liners, breeching ductwork, andmiscellaneous platforms, elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell providesstructural integrity to environmental forces such as wind, earthquake, ambient temperatures, ands
9、upports the liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell from the thermal,chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120560F (49293C). Theseliners have been made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel,shotc
10、rete-coated steel, and shotcrete-coated shells. The selection of the material type depends on thechemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and seismic zone. Also,variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selecti
11、onand design. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is generally limited to 200F(90C) for 2 hours and for maximum transient temperatures to 400F (204C) for 30 minutes.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for
12、 design, materialselection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic Piping Systemsand Chemical Equipme
13、nt.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2008October 2014. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20022008as D5364 93 (2002).D5364 081. DOI: 10.1520/D5364-08.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an A
14、STM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publishe
15、d by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for theindustry.1.3 Th
16、is guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRPliner once the service conditions relative to thermal,chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each linermust be designed and detailed individually.1.4 Sel
17、ection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joi
18、nt preparation, and alignment are reviewed.1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspectionproc
19、edures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement thequality-assurance program.1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.1.9 DisclaimerThe reader is cautioned that
20、independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommen-dations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation orwarranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use,
21、or freedom from infringement of anypatent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures iswithin the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application ofprincip
22、les to a particular structure.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stand
23、ard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.SectionIntro
24、duction and BackgroundScope and Objective 1Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1 2.1ACI Standard 2.2NFPA Standard 2.3ASME Standards 2.4Terminology 3ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1Applicable Definitions 3.2Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Symbols 3.4Significance and Use 4Se
25、rvice and Operating Environments 5Service Conditions 5.1Environmental Severity 5.2Chemical Environment 5.3Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4Operating Temperature Environment 5.5Abnormal Environments 5.6Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8Flame Spread 5.9Materials
26、 6Raw Materials 6.1Laminate Composition 6.2Laminate Properties 6.3Design 7Design 7.1Assumptions 7.2Dead Loads 7.3Wind Loads 7.4Earthquake Loads 7.5Thermal Loads 7.6Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7Load Factors 7.8Resistance Factors 7.9Loading Combinations 7.10D5364 142Allowable Longitudinal Stresse
27、s 7.11Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12Design Limits 7.13Tolerances 7.14Deflections 7.15Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16Fabrication 8Fabrication 8.1Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2Fabrication Facility 8.3General Construction 8.4Fabrication Equipment 8.5Resin Systems 8.6Reinforceme
28、nt 8.7Fabrication Procedures 8.8Handling and Transportation 8.9Erection Appurtenances 8.10Tolerances 8.11Erection of FRP Liners 9Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1Handling and Storage on Site 9.2Erection Appurtenances 9.3Field Joints 9.4Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5Quality Assurance and Qualit
29、y Control 10Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1Quality-Assurance Program 10.2Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3Inspections 10.4Submittals 10.5Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11Initial Start-Up 11.1Operation and Maintenance 11.2AnnexTypical Inspection Checklist Annex A1AppendixC
30、ommentary Appendix X1References2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of theGuarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow
31、 Meter ApparatusC581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced StructuresIntended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant EquipmentD638 Test Method for T
32、ensile Properties of PlasticsD648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise PositionD695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid PlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Ma
33、terialsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins and Related Components (Withdrawn 1992)3D2471 Practice for Gel Time and Peak Exothermic Temperature of Reacting Thermosetting Resins (Withdrawn 2008)3D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plasti
34、cs by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced ResinsD3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant TanksD4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resistance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin
35、s by One-SidePanel ExposureE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Constructio
36、n of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys42 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version
37、 of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.D5364 1432.3 NFPA Standard:NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity52.4 ASME Standards:Section X Fiberglass
38、Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels6RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant Equipment63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D883 unless otherwise indicated in section 3.2.3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide are provided fo
39、r reference:3.2.1 acceleratora material added to the resin to increase the rate of polymerization (curing).3.2.2 axialin the direction of the axis (lengthwise centerline) of the equipment.3.2.3 Barcol hardnessmeasurement of the degree of cure by means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is the i
40、nstrumentused (see Test Method D2583).3.2.4 binderchemical treatment applied to the random arrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specific bindersare utilized to promote chemical compatibility with various laminating resins used.3.2.5 blisterrefer to Terminology D883.3.2.6 bondingjoi
41、ning of two or more parts by adhesive forces.3.2.7 bond strengthforce per unit area (psi) necessary to rupture a bond in interlaminar shear.3.2.8 bucklinga mode of failure characterized by an unstable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the structuralelement involved.3.2.9 burned areasar
42、eas of laminate showing evidence of decomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) due toexcessive resin exotherm.3.2.10 burn out (burn off)thermal decomposition of the organic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimen inorder to determine the weight percent and lamination sequ
43、ence of the glass reinforcement.3.2.11 carbon veila nonwoven surface veil that is made of carbon fiber or is coated with conductive carbon for purposes ofproviding static dissipation. This could be carbon veil, or polyester veil impregnated with carbon.3.2.12 catalystan organic peroxide material use
44、d to activate the polymerization of the resin.3.2.13 chopped-strand matreinforcement made from randomly oriented glass strands that are held together in a mat form bymeans of a binder.3.2.14 chopper guna machine used to cut continuous fiberglass roving to predetermined lengths usually 0.52 in. (1351
45、mm) and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. In the spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simultaneously on themold. When interspersed layers are provided in filament winding, the resin spray is not used.3.2.15 contact moldingprocess for molding reinforced plastics in which reinfor
46、cement and resin are placed on an open moldor mandrel. Cure is without application of pressure; includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.3.2.16 corrosion barrierthe integral inner barrier of the laminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.3.2.17 coveragesee winding cycle.3.2.18 crazingthe
47、 formation of tiny hairline cracks in varying degrees throughout the resin matrix, particularly in resin-richareas.3.2.19 cut edgeend of a laminate resulting from cutting that is not protected by a corrosion barrier.3.2.20 delaminationphysical separation or loss of bond between laminate plies.3.2.21
48、 dry spotan area where the reinforcement fibers have not been sufficiently wetted with resin.3.2.22 edge sealingapplication of reinforcement and resin, or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion-resistantbarrier. The final layer should be paraffinated.3.2.23 entrapped-air voidsee void
49、.3.2.24 environmentstate of the surroundings in contact with the internal and external surfaces, including the temperature,pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity, and presence of liquids or gases.3.2.25 exothermevolution of heat by the resin during the polymerization reaction.5 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.6 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave.,
