1、Designation: D5592 94 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forMaterial Properties Needed in Engineering Design UsingPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPlastics are increasingly being used in durable applications as structural components on a basiscomparable wit
3、h traditional materials such as steels and aluminum, as well as high performancecomposite systems. Unlike many consumer-goods applications, where plastics typically serve asenclosures, these durables applications primarily involve load-bearing components exposed to ratherbroad varying operating envi
4、ronments over the life cycle of the product. This necessitates access tomaterial property profiles over a wide range of conditions, rather than typical values reported at roomtemperature. In order to design effectively with plastics, the designer must take into account the effectsof time, temperatur
5、e, rate, and environment on the performance of plastics, and the consequences offailure.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the essential material propertiesneeded for designing with plastics. Its purpose is to raise theawareness of the plastics community regarding the specificconsiderations involved in u
6、sing the appropriate materialproperties in design calculations.1.2 This guide is intended only as a convenient resource forengineering design. It should be noted that the specific oper-ating conditions (temperature, applied stress or strain,environment, etc. and corresponding duration of such expo-s
7、ures) could vary significantly from one application to another.It is, therefore, the responsibility of the user to perform anypertinent tests under actual conditions of use to determine thesuitability of the material in the intended application.1.3 The applicable ISO andASTM standard methods for the
8、relevant material properties are listed in this guide for thebenefit of design engineers.1.4 It should be noted that for some of the desiredproperties, no ASTM or ISO standards exist. These includepvT data, no-flow temperature, ejection temperature, andfatigue in tension. In these instances, relying
9、 on available testmethods is suggested.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
10、user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationall
11、y recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D543 Practices
12、 for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1435 Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics1This guide is under the jurisdiction of
13、ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5592 - 94 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D5592-94R18.2For reference
14、d ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright
15、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International S
16、tandards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD1999 Guide for Selection of Specimens and Test Param-eters from ISO/IEC Standards (Wi
17、thdrawn 2000)3D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-tended for Outdoor ApplicationsD2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and FlexuralCreep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsD2991 Test Method for Stress-Relaxation of Plastics (With-drawn 1990)3D3045 Practice for Heat Aging of Plastic
18、s Without LoadD3123 Test Method for Spiral Flow of Low-Pressure Ther-mosetting Molding CompoundsD3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers byDifferential Scanning CalorimetryD3641 Practice for Injection Molding Test Specimens ofThermoplast
19、ic Molding and Extrusion MaterialsD3835 Test Method for Determination of Properties ofPolymeric Materials by Means of a Capillary RheometerD4473 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Prop-erties: Cure BehaviorD5045 Test Methods for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughnessand Strain Energy Release Rate
20、 of Plastic MaterialsD5279 Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Prop-erties: In TorsionE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Push-Rod DilatometerE1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
21、2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 175 PlasticsDetermination of the Effects of Immer-sion in Liquid ChemicalsISO 294-1 PlasticsInjection Moulding of Test Specimensof Thermoplastic MaterialsGeneral Principles, andMoulding of Multipurpose and Bar Test SpecimensISO 527-1 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile Properties
22、Part 1: General PrinciplesISO 527-2 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 2: Test Conditions for Moulding and ExtrusionPlasticsISO 527-4 PlasticsDetermination of Tensile PropertiesPart 4: Test Conditions for Isotropic and Orthotropic FibreReinforced Plastic CompositesISO 604 PlasticsDeterm
23、ination of Compressive PropertiesISO 899-1 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Tensile CreepISO 899-2 PlasticsDetermination of Creep Behaviour -Flexural Creep by Three-Point LoadingISO 2578 PlasticsDetermination of Time-TemperatureLimits After Prolonged Exposure to HeatISO 3167 PlasticsMultipu
24、rpose Test SpecimensISO 4607 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to Natural Weath-eringISO 4892-2 PlasticsMethods of Exposure to LaboratoryLight SourcesPart 2: Xenon Arc SourcesISO 6721-2 PlasticsDetermination of Dynamic Mechani-cal PropertiesPart 2: Torsion PendulumISO 8295 PlasticsFilm and SheetingDetermi
25、nation ofthe Coefficients of FrictionISO 10350.1 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Single-Point Data Part 1: Moulding Mate-rialsISO 11403-1 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 1: Mechanical Prop-ertiesISO 11403-2 PlasticsAcquisition and Presentation
26、ofComparable Multipoint DataPart 2: Thermal and Pro-cessing PropertiesISO 11443 PlasticsDetermination of the Fluidity of Plas-tics Using Capillary and Slit-Die Rheometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 agingthe effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time (see Termino
27、logy D883).3.1.2 coeffcient of frictiona measure of the resistance tosliding of one surface in contact with another surface.3.1.3 coeffcient of linear thermal expansionthe change inlinear dimension per unit of original length of a material for aunit change in temperature.3.1.4 compressive strengthth
28、e compressive stress that amaterial is capable of sustaining. In the case of a material thatdoes not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the valuefor compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending uponthe degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating completefailure of the mate
29、rial (modified from Terminology E6).3.1.5 creepthe time-dependent increase in strain in re-sponse to applied stress (modified from Terminology E6).3.1.6 creep modulusthe ratio of initial applied stress tocreep strain (see Test Method D2990).3.1.7 creep rupture stressstress to produce material failur
30、ecorresponding to a fixed time to rupture (modified from TestMethod D2990).3.1.8 critical stress intensity factortoughness parameterindicative of the resistance of a material to fracture at fractureinitiation (see Test Method D5045).3.1.9 engineering stressstress based on initial cross sec-tional ar
31、ea of the specimen.3.1.10 fatiguethe process of progressive localized perma-nent deleterious change or loss of properties occurring in amaterial subjected to cyclic loading conditions (modified fromDefinitions E1823).3.1.11 Poissons ratiothe absolute value of the ratio oftransverse strain to the cor
32、responding axial strain resultingfrom uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportionallimit of the material (see Terminology D883).3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.
33、,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D5592 94 (2018)23.1.12 proportional limitthe greatest stress that a materialis capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor-tionality of stress to strain (Hookes law) (see Test MethodD638).3.1.13 PV limitthe limiting combination of pressu
34、re andvelocity that will cause failure of any polymer rubbing againstanother surface without lubrication at a specific ambienttemperature and tested in a specific geometry.3.1.14 secant modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain at a designated strain point on thestress-strain cur
35、ve (see Test Method D638).3.1.15 shear modulusthe quotient of the shearing stressand the resulting angular deformation of the test specimenmeasured in the range of small recoverable deformations (seeISO 6721-2).3.1.16 shear strengththe maximum shear stress that amaterial is capable of sustaining. Sh
36、ear strength is calculatedfrom the maximum load during a shear or torsion test and isbased on the original dimensions of the cross section of thespecimen (see Terminology E6).3.1.17 tensile modulusthe ratio of engineering stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit of a materialin ten
37、sion (modified from Test Method D638).3.1.18 tensile stress at breakthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at break (modified from Test Method D638).3.1.19 tensile stress at yieldthe tensile stress sustained bythe material at the yield point (modified from Test MethodD638).3.1.20 warpagedistort
38、ion caused by non-uniform changeof internal stresses (D883).3.1.21 yield pointthe first point on the stress-strain curveat which an increase in strain occurs without an increase instress (see Test Method D638).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference to theplastics c
39、ommunity for material properties needed in engineer-ing design.4.2 Product datasheets or product literature typically reportsingle-point values at ambient conditions and hence, by theirvery nature, are inadequate for engineering design and struc-tural analysis of a component or system. A detailed pr
40、opertyprofile for the particular grade chosen for a given part not onlyenhances the confidence of the design engineer by allowing amore realistic assessment of the material under close-to-actualservice environments but also may avoid premature failure ofthe designed component and potential liability
41、 litigation later.Additionally, it would also eliminate use of larger “designsafety factors” that result in “overengineering” or “overde-sign.” Not only is such overdesign unwarranted, but it adds tothe total part cost, resulting in a good example of ineffectivedesign with plastics and a prime targe
42、t for substitution by othermaterials.4.3 One of the problems faced by design engineers is accessto comparable data among similar products from differentmaterial suppliers because of the lack of standardized reportingformat in the plastics industry. ISO 10350.1, ISO 11403-1, andISO 11403-2 are intend
43、ed to address the comparability of dataissue only as far as single-point and multipoint data formaterial selection. This guide attempts to serve as a means tostandardize the format to report comparable data for engineer-ing design. It is essential that incorporating standardized testspecimen geometr
44、y and specific test conditions as recom-mended in Guide D1999, Practice D3641, or ISO 3167 andISO 294-1 are an integral part of the data generation.5. Material Properties in Engineering Design5.1 Finite element analysis is an integral part of computeraided design/engineering (CAD/CAE). It serves as
45、a powerfultool for design engineers in performing engineering analysis ofplastics components to predict the performance. The materialdata inputs required for carrying out these analyses essentiallyconstitute the minimum data needed in engineering design.5.2 The material properties essential in engin
46、eering designcan be grouped into three main categories; (1) propertiesessential for structural analysis, (2) properties essential forassessing manufacturability, and (3) properties essential forevaluating assembly. The properties essential for structuralanalysis are employed in assessing the structu
47、ral integrity ofthe designed part over its useful life or in determining therequired geometry of the part to ensure structural integrity. Theproperties essential for assessing manufacturability are em-ployed in simulating the part filling/post filling steps tooptimize processing conditions and for p
48、redictions of dimen-sional stability of the manufactured part. The properties essen-tial for assembly considerations are employed in evaluating theability to join/assemble the component parts.5.3 As functional requirements are often specific to eachapplication, the material properties essential for
49、structuralanalysis can be classified into two categoriesthose that aresomewhat application specific and those that are not.5.4 Whether the individual property is application-specificor not, certain properties are directly employed in designcalculations while others are employed more or less forverification of the design limits. For example, although partsmay fail in service under multi-axial impact loadingconditions, the impact energy data can be used only in designverification, at best. Additional examples of properties that are
