1、Designation: D 6001 05Standard Guide forDirect-Push Ground Water Sampling for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for samplingground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion ofs
3、ampling devices by static force or impact without drilling andremoval of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil isdisplaced and helps to form an annular seal above the samplingzone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiplesampling events. Methods for obtaining water sampl
4、es forwater quality analysis and detection of contaminants arepresented.1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used forground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at differ-ent depths below the surface depending on geohydrologicconditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete
5、depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminantsand to more completely characterize geohydrologic environ-ments. These investigations are frequently required in charac-terization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate informationon the distributio
6、n of water quality if provisions are made toensure that cross-contamination or linkage between waterbearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with asealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-siteanalysis of water samples, can provide the most accuratedepiction of water quality co
7、nditions at the time of sampling.Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen samplingdevices may be useful and are considered as screening toolsdepending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screensamplers may require development or purging depending onsampling and quality assurance plans
8、. Results from direct-pushinvestigations can be used to guide placement of permanentground-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts.Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict condi-tions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outerpush tube seals the hole, prevents th
9、e sampling tools fromcoming in contact with the formation, except at the samplingpoint.1.4 Field test methods described in this guide includeinstallation of temporary well points, and insertion of watersamplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion meth-ods include: (1) soil probing using
10、combinations of impact,percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions ofsmooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surfaceusing hydraulic cone penetrometer (Guide D 6067) or drillingequipment (Guide D 6286), and incremental drilling combinedwith direct-push water sampling even
11、ts. Under typical incre-mental drilling operations, samplers are advanced with assis-tance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, ormechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equip-ment. Direct-push water sampling maybe combined with othersampling methods (Guide D 6169) in drilled h
12、oles. Methodsfor borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that canbe penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damagemay result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending orassembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, o
13、r damage tosamplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, someof which are discussed in 5.6. Information in this procedure islimited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturatedground-water conditions. Some soil formations do not yieldwater in a timely fashion for direct-push sam
14、pling. In the caseof unyielding formations direct-push soil sampling can beperformed (Guide D 6282).1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanentwater sampling systems such as those presented in PracticeD 5092. Direct-push monitoring wells for long term monitor-ing are addressed in Guide
15、 D 6724 and Practice D 6725.1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental ex-ploration will often involve safety planning, administration,and documentation.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects ofexploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis guide to
16、 establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations beforeits use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.C
17、urrent edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6001 96 (2002).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.9 This guide offers an organized col
18、lection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is
19、not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has
20、 been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4750 Te
21、st Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in AquifersD 5254 Practice for Mini
22、mum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose ZoneD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water InvestigationD 5521 Guide for Development of Ground-Wa
23、ter Monitor-ing Wells in Granular AquifersD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5778 Test Method for Performing Electronic FrictionCone and Piezocone Penetration TestsD 5903 Guide for Planning and Preparing for
24、a Ground-Water Sampling EventD 6067 Guide for Using the Electronic Cone Penetrometerfor Environmental Site CharacterizationD 6089 Guide for Documenting a Ground Water SamplingEventD 6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization ofVadose Zone and Ground-Water Contamination at Hazard-ous Waste Con
25、taminated SitesD 6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used forGround-Water Quality InvestigationsD 6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD 6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Ground-Water SamplesD 6634 Guide for Selection of Purging and Sampling De-vices for Ground Water Monitor
26、ing WellsD 6724 Guide for the Installation of Direct-Push Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD 6725 Practice for the Installation of Pre-packed ScreenMonitoring Wells in Unconsolidated AquifersD 6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigati
27、onsD 6911 Guide for Packaging and Shipping EnvironmentalSamples for Laboratory Analysis2.2 Drilling Methods:2D 5781 Guide for the Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5782 Guide for the Use
28、 of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitor
29、ing DevicesD 5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5875 Guide for the Use of Cable-Tool Drilling andSampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Explorationsand Installation of Subsurface Water-Qualit
30、y MonitoringDevicesD 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6286 Guide to the Selection of Drilling Methods forEnvironmental Site Characterization2.3 Soil
31、 Sampling:2D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 6169 Guide to the Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drilling Rigs for EnvironmentalInvestigationsD 6282 Guide for Direct-Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used wi
32、thin this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653 with the addition of the following:3.2 Definitions in Accordance with Practice D 5092:3.2.1 bailera hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitateremoval of fluid from a well or borehole.3.2.2 boreholea circular open or uncased subsurface holecrea
33、ted by drilling.3.2.3 casingpipe, finished in sections with either threadedconnections or beveled edges to be field welded, which isinstalled temporarily or permanently to counteract caving, toadvance the borehole, or to isolate the interval being moni-tored, or combination thereof.2For referenced A
34、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D60010523.2.4 caving; sloughingthe inflow of unconsolidated ma-terial into a b
35、orehole that occurs when the borehole walls losetheir cohesive strength.3.2.5 centralizera device that helps in the centering of acasing or riser within a borehole or another casing.3.2.6 jettingwhen applied as a drilling method, water isforced down through the drill rods or riser pipe and out throu
36、ghthe end openings. The jetting water then transports the gener-ated cuttings to the ground surface in the annulus of the drillrods or casing and the borehole. The term jetting may also referto a well development technique.3.2.7 PTFE tapejoint sealing tape composed of polytet-rafluorethylene.3.2.8 w
37、ell screena filtering device used to retain theprimary or natural filter pack; usually a cylindrical pipe withopenings of uniform width, orientation, and spacing.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 assembly lengthlength of sampler body and riserpipes.3.3.2 bentonitethe common na
38、me for drilling fluid addi-tives and well construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring sodium montmorillonite. Some bentoniteproducts have chemical additives that may affect water qualityanalyses (see 9.3.3).3.3.3 direct-push samplingsampling devices that are di-rectly inserted into
39、 the soil to be sampled without drilling orborehole excavation.3.3.4 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means; also, known as borehole orboring.3.3.5 effective screen lengththe length of a screen open orexposed to water bearing strata.3.3.6 effective seal length
40、the length of soil above the wellscreen that is in intimate contact with the riser pipe andprevents connection of the well screen with ground water fromother zones.3.3.7 grab samplingthe process of collecting a sample offluid exposed to atmospheric pressure through the riser pipewith bailers or othe
41、r methods that may include pumping; alsoknown as batch sampling.3.3.8 incremental drilling and samplinginsertion methodwhere rotary drilling and sampling events are alternated forincremental sampling. Incremental drilling is often needed topenetrate harder or deeper formations.3.3.9 percussion drivi
42、nginsertion method where rapidhammer impacts are performed to insert the sampling device.The percussion is normally accompanied with application ofstatic down force.3.3.10 push depththe depth below a ground surface datumthat the end or tip of the direct-push water sampling device isinserted.4. Summa
43、ry of Guide4.1 Direct-push water sampling consists of pushing a pro-tected well screen to a known depth, opening the well screenover a known interval, and sampling water from the interval. Awell point with an exposed screen can also be pushed withunderstanding of potential cross-contamination effect
44、s andpurging requirements considered. A sampler with constantoutside diameter is inserted directly into the soil by hydraulicjacking or hammering until sufficient riser pipe is seated intothe soil to ensure a seal. Protected well screens can be exposedby retraction of riser pipes. While the riser is
45、 seated in the soil,water samples can be taken, and water injection or pressuremeasurements may be performed.5. Significance and Use5.1 Direct-push water sampling is an economical methodfor obtaining discrete ground-water samples without the ex-pense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-6).3
46、Thisguide can be used to profile potential ground-water contami-nation with depth by performing repetitive sampling events.Direct-push water sampling is often used in expedited sitecharacterization (Practice D 6235). Soils to be sampled must bepermeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relativel
47、y shorttime. The zone to be sampled can be isolated by matching wellscreen length to obtain discrete samples of thin aquifers. Use ofthese sampling techniques will result in more detailed charac-terization of sites containing multiple aquifers. By inserting aprotected sampling screen in direct conta
48、ct with soil and withwatertight risers, initial well development (Guide D 5521) andpurging of wells (Guide D 6452) may not be required for thefirst sampling event. Discrete water sampling, combined withknowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, maybetter define conditions in thin multip
49、le aquifers than monitor-ing wells with screened intervals that can intersect and allowfor intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4,6,7,9,13).Direct-push sampling performed without knowledge of thelocation and thickness of target aquifers can result in samplingof the wrong aquifer or penetration through confining beds.5.2 For sites that allow surface push of the sampling device,discrete water sampling is often performed in conjunction withthe cone penetration test (Test Method D 6067) (4-9), which isoften used for stratigraphic mapping of aquifers, and todelineate
