1、Designation: D 6032 02 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDetermining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rockquality designation (RQD) as a standard parameter in d
3、rill corelogging.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which th
4、e data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approxi-mate.1.4 This standard does not purport to address
5、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology
6、 Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5079 Practices for
7、 Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer toTerminology D 653.3.2 De
8、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 core runin the most basic usage, the length of theinterval measured from the depth each core sample was startedto the depth at which drilling stopped and the sample wasrecovered from the core barrel. If required, the core run canalso be defined to c
9、over a specific length or lithology in thecore samples.3.2.2 drill breakany mechanical or man-made break inthe core that is not natural occurring.3.2.3 intact coreany segment of core between two open,natural discontinuities.3.2.4 rock quality designation (RQD)a modified corerecovery percentage in wh
10、ich all pieces of sound core over 100mm are counted as recovery.3.2.5 sound coreany core which is fresh to moderatelyweather and which has sufficient strength to resist handbreakage.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The RQD denotes the percentage of intact and soundrock retrieved from a borehole of any o
11、rientation. All pieces ofintact and sound rock core equal to or greater than 100 mm (4in.) long are summed and divided by the total length of the corerun, as shown in Fig. 1. Rock mechanics judgement may benecessary to determine if a piece of core qualifies as beingintact and sound.5. Significance a
12、nd Use5.1 The RQD was first introduced in the mid 1960s toprovide a simple and inexpensive general indication of rockmass quality to predict tunneling conditions and supportrequirements. The recording of RQD has since become virtu-ally standard practice in drill core logging for a wide variety ofgeo
13、technical investigations.5.2 The RQD values provide a basis for making preliminarydesign decisions involving estimation of required depths ofexcavation for foundations of structures. The RQD values alsocan serve to identify potential problems related to bearingcapacity, settlement, erosion, or slidi
14、ng in rock foundations.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2
15、002 as D 603202.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the
16、 end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The RQD can provide an indication of rock quality in quarriesfor concrete aggregate, rockfill, or large riprap.5.3 The RQD has been widely used as a warning indicat
17、orof low-quality rock zones that may need greater scrutiny orrequire additional borings or other investigational work.5.4 The RQD is a basic component of many rock massclassification systems for engineering purposes.5.5 Used alone, RQD is not sufficient to provide an adequatedescription of rock mass
18、 quality. The RQD does not accountfor joint orientation, tightness, continuity, and gouge material.The RQD must be used in combination with other geologicaland geotechnical input.5.6 The RQD is sensitive to the orientation of joint sets withrespect to the orientation of the core. That is, a joint se
19、t parallelto the core axis will not intersect the core, unless the drill holehappens to run along the joint. A joint set perpendicular to thecore axis will intersect the core axis at intervals equal to thejoint spacing. For intermediate orientations, the spacing of jointintersections with the core w
20、ill be a cosine function of anglebetween joints and the core axis.5.7 Core sizes from BQ to PQ with core diameters of 36.5mm (1.44 in.) and 85 mm (3.35 in.), respectively, are normallyacceptable for measuring RQD as long as proper drillingtechniques are used that do not cause excess core breakage or
21、poor recovery, or both. The NX-size (54.7 mm 2.16 in.) andNQ-size (47.5 mm 1.87 in.) are the optimal core sizes formeasuring RQD. The RQD is also useful for large corediameters provided the core diameter is clearly stated. TheRQD calculated for core smaller than BQ may not be repre-sentative of the
22、true quality of the rock mass.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of compete
23、ntand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Procedure6.1 Drilling o
24、f the rock core should be done in accordancewith Practice D2113. It is important that proper drillingtechniques and equipment are used to minimize core breakageor poor core recovery, or both.6.2 There are several ways to define a core run for calcu-lating RQD. Three of these are: (1) a core run is e
25、qual to a drillrun; (2) a change in formation or rock type could constitute anend of a core run; and (3) a core run can be a selected zone ofconcern. In determining a core run it is important to beconsistent throughout a drill hole and to document how thecore run was defined.6.3 Retrieval, preservat
26、ion, transportation, storage, andcataloging of the rock core should be done in accordance withPractices D 5079. The RQD should be logged on site when thecore is retrieved because some rocks can disintegrate, due topoor curatorial handling, slaking, desiccation, stress relief, orswelling, with time.
27、For these rocks it is recommended that theRQD be measured again after 24 h to assist in determiningdurability.6.4 Close visual examination of core pieces is required forassessing the type of fracture (that is, natural or drill break).Pieces of core that are moderately or intensely weathered,contain
28、numerous pores, or are friable, or combination thereof,should not be included in the summation of pieces greater than100 mm (4 in.) for the determination of the RQD. Any rejectedpiece of core is still included as part of the total length of corerun and should be noted in the report.FIG. 1 RQD Loggin
29、g Center Line Method1D 6032 02 (2006)26.5 Measure all core piece lengths that are intact and greaterthan 100 mm (4 in.) to the nearest 1 mm (0.04 in.) and recordon a RQD data sheet (Fig. 2). Measure such pieces along thecenterline of the core as illustrated in Fig. 13NOTE 2Centerline measurements en
30、sure that the RQD value resultingfrom the measurements is not dependent on the core diameter. Centerlinemeasurements also avoid unduly penalizing resulting RQD values forcases where fractures parallel the core axis. Any other method used foraccounting for fractures parallel to the core axis, while n
31、ot advocated bythis test method and in the literature, must be clearly stated.4,56.6 Only those pieces of rock formed by natural fractures(that is, joints, shear zones, bedding planes, or cleavage planesthat result in surfaces of separation) shall be considered forRQD purposes. The core pieces on ei
32、ther side of core breakscaused by the drilling process shall be fitted together andcounted as one piece. Drilling breaks are usually evident byrough fresh surfaces. In some cases it may be difficult todifferentiate between natural fractures and drilling breaks.When in doubt, count a fracture as a na
33、tural fracture. If forsome reason there is not 100 % core recovery for a drill run, thelength of core left in the borehole should be taken into accountby adding it to the run in which it was cored rather than the runin which it was retrieved.6.7 Record the top and bottom depths of each core run.6.8
34、Sketch core features such as natural fractures, drillingbreaks, lost core, highly weathered pieces, and so forth (seeFig. 1).6.9 Include remarks concerning judgement decisions suchas whether a break in a core is a natural fracture or a drillingbreak or why a piece of core longer than 100 mm (4 in.)
35、wasnot considered to be intact.6.10 Record the sum of intact core pieces longer than 100mm (4 in.) long, and calculate the RQD value for the core runbeing evaluated.6.11 Indicate the rock quality description for the core runusing the rock quality table in Fig. 1.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate as a perc
36、entage, the RQD of a core run asfollows:RQD 5(length of intact and sound pieces . 100 mm 4 in.!#3 100 %total core run length, mm(1)In accordance with Practice D 6026, record the result to thenearest one percent.8. Report8.1 A typical report may include the following:8.1.1 Source of sample including
37、project name, location,and, if known, storage environment. The location may bespecified in terms of borehole number and depth of core runsfrom the collar of the hole.8.1.2 Description of drilling equipment, method, personnel,and hole orientation.8.1.3 Physical description of core runs including diam
38、eter,rock type and location and orientation of discontinuities, suchas, apparent weakness planes, bedding planes, schistosity, andlarge inclusions or inhomogeneities, if any.8.1.4 Date of RQD calculations and sketches and/or photo-graphs of core runs.8.1.5 General indication of any conditions, obser
39、vations,and assumptions relevant to the RQD values or calculations.8.1.6 Include a table of RQD values and/or copies of anyRQD data forms or sketches.8.1.7 Report the rock quality classification for the core runusing the table in Fig. 1.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision6A round-robin study of the R
40、QD index ofcores of four selected types of sedimentary rock (anhydrite/calcite, calcareous shale, limestone, and anhydrite) with fourreplications per rock type was conducted in accordance withPractice E 691 by eight experienced participants.7The repeat-ability and reproducibility statistics reported
41、 in Table 1 refer towithin-participant and between-participant precision, respec-tively. The probability is approximately 95 % that two resultsobtained by the same participant on the same material will notdiffer by more than the repeatability limit r. Likewise, theprobability is approximately 95 % t
42、hat two results obtained bydifferent participants on the same material will not differ bymore than the reproducibility limit R. The precision statisticsare calculated from the following equation:r 5 2=2!sr(2)where sr= repeatability standard deviation, andR 5 2=2!sR(3)where sR= reproducibility standa
43、rd deviation.NOTE 3Some combinations of the means and r and K can result inKQD limits that exceed 100 % because the RQD values have beenassumed to be normally distributed which may not reflect the actualunderlying distribution of the RQD values.9.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this t
44、estmethod; therefore, bias cannot be determined.10. Keywords10.1 classification; index; logging; quality; rock; rock core3Deere, D. U., and Deere, D. W., “The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) AfterTwenty Years,” Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes, ASTM STP984, 1988, pp. 91101.4Deere,
45、 D. U., and Deere, D. W., “ Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index inPractice,” Contract Report G1891 , Department of the Army Corps of Engineers,1989.5Bieniawski, Z.T., “Exploration for Rock Engineering” Proceeding of theSymposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering, November 1976, Johannesburg,A.A.,
46、 Balkema, Rotterdam.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: ISRD181015.7Pincus, H. J., and Clift, S. J., Interlaboratory Testing Program for RockProperties: Repeatability and Reproducibility of RQD Values for Selected S
47、edimen-tary Rocks, PCN: 33-000011-38, ASTM Institute of Standards Research, 1994.D 6032 02 (2006)3FIG. 2 RQD Data SheetD 6032 02 (2006)4SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (1996) that may im
48、pact the use of this standard.(1) Added to Section 1 required statement about significantfigures and Practice D 6026.(2) Added Terminology D 653, Practices D 3740, and D 6026(3) Added Terminology Section , and renumbered subsequentsections.(4) Added Note 1 in Significance and Use Section, referencin
49、gPractice D 3740, and renumbered subsequent notes.(5) In Section 4.1 defined method as applicable to drill holes inany orientation and added the word “sound” between “intactrock”. Changed “Engineering judgement” to Rock mechanicsjudgement” so that both the engineering and geological con-siderations were included.(6) In Calculation Section, added the sentence: “In accordancewith Practice D 6026, record the result to the nearest onepercent.(7) In Calculation Section, Note 2, corrected typographicalerror in a symbol and the abbreviation for RQD. Took outconfusi
