1、Designation: D6063 11Standard Guide forSampling of Drums and Similar Containers by FieldPersonnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6063; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information, including flow charts, forfield personnel to follow in order to collect samples fromdrums and similar
3、 containers.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel inplanning and obtaining samples from drums and similarcontainers, using equipment and techniques that will ensurethat the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It canalso be used as a training tool.1.3 This standard doe
4、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specificWarnings in 7.4.3 and 7
5、.4.4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAugerBoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils fo
6、rGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unco
7、nsoli-dated SedimentsD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and Implementation
8、D5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond Sam-plerD5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bung, nusually a 2-in. (5-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug specifically
9、 designed to close a bunghole.3.1.2 bung hole, nan opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied or vented.3.1.3 consolidated solid, nas used in this guide, a com-pact solid not easily compressed or broken into smallerportions.3.1.4 drum, nimplies any drum, barrel or non-bulk co
10、n-tainer of 5 to 110 gal (19 to 400 L) capacity.3.1.5 representative sample, na sample collected suchthat it reflects one or more characteristics of interest (as definedby the project objectives) of the population from which it wascollected.3.1.6 sample, none or more items or portions collectedfrom
11、a lot or population.3.1.7 sampler, nthe device used to obtain a sample.3.1.8 sludge, nas used in this guide, any mixture of solidsthat settles out of solution; sludges contain liquids that are notapparent as free liquids.3.1.9 unconsolidated solid, nas used in this guide, unce-mented or uncompacted
12、material that is easily separated intosmaller portions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved i
13、n 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6063 96 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D6063-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
14、ry page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.10 work plans, nplans that are specific to sampling ata particular site; examples are Health and Safety Plans andSampling and Analysis Plans.4. Summary of
15、 Guide4.1 This guide uses a decision-tree format to lead personsintending to sample waste materials from drums and similarcontainers through a series of questions. The answers to thequestions result in recommended actions, including the selec-tion of appropriate sampling equipment. Brief instruction
16、s onthe use of the equipment are included.4.2 This guide addresses commonly used sampling equip-ment and devices; it is not intended to cover all that might bepurchased or custom made.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to assist field personnel inobtaining samples from drums and simil
17、ar containers for fieldand laboratory analysis. The need for accurate data and thecosts associated with sampling and analysis make it essentialthat samples be taken correctly before submitting them forchemical analysis or physical testing, or both. Incorrect sam-pling can invalidate resulting data.5
18、.2 This guide may be used by personnel who have noformal workplan. It draws their attention to issues that must beaddressed before, during, and after taking a sample. It providesguidance in choosing the sampling technique and equipmentsuitable for specific situations. It can serve as a training tool
19、 forthose who are unfamiliar with sampling. It is recommendedthat this guide be used as a supplement to a written workplan.5.3 Some sections of this guide contain flow charts (seeFigs. 1-5) that must be worked through, starting from the top ofeach page. By answering the questions in the diamond-shap
20、edboxes, and following the appropriate arrows, the personplanning to sample will be guided towards the most suitableprocedures and equipment. The numbers at the bottom of someboxes refer to corresponding paragraphs in the text, whichprovide information to help the person sampling answer thequestions
21、.5.4 Figs. 6-15 are examples of types of equipment. Similardevices that do the same job in the same way are not intendedto be excluded.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Section 6 in the text.FIG. 1 Objectives of SamplingD6063 1126. Objectives of Sampling6.1 The purpose of sampling is to coll
22、ect a representativesample of all or part of the contents of the drum or similarcontainer, to determine the physical and chemical characteris-tics of those contents (see Fig. 1). This information may thenbe used to:6.1.1 Select suitable methods of treatment and disposal ofthe contents,6.1.2 Provide
23、evidence for use in a court of law,6.1.3 Comply with regulations, such as those for the trans-portation of hazardous materials,6.1.4 Confirm that the drums contain what is written on thelabel, manifest or other type of documentation, and6.1.5 Find out if any drums in a lot contain differentmaterials
24、 from the majority.6.2 In most cases there is a written plan that describes thework to be done (Guide D4687). In other cases, there is nowritten plan and the instructions are only verbal.6.3 If the objectives of sampling are unclear or unknown tothe field personnel, they should question their superv
25、isor orproject manager about the objectives. Well-informed fieldpersonnel are then alert to unforeseen circumstances or eventsthat might invalidate the samples.7. Pre-Sampling Inspection7.1 Information about the contents of the drums may beavailable from (see Fig. 2):7.1.1 Previous analysis of drum
26、contents from the samesource,7.1.2 The supplier/source of the material in the drums,7.1.3 Manifest (shipping) documents,7.1.4 Labels and other markings on the drums, or7.1.5 Knowledge of the waste generating process.7.2 Personnel doing the pre-sampling and sampling must beaware of any special proced
27、ures that are to be followed at agiven site. Workplans include a worker health and safetysection because there are potential hazards associated withopening drums as well as with potentially hazardous con-tents.3,4Examples of special procedures are change of clothing,3Drum Handling Practices at Hazar
28、dous Waste Sites, EPA/600/2-86/013,January 1986.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.1 to 7.3 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling InspectionD6063 113use of safety equipment of various kinds, evacuation proce-dures, fire and explosion procedures and vehicle cleaningprocedures such as wate
29、r washing before leaving the site orstorage area, and many others that would be site or storagespecific.7.3 If you are certain that the drum does not containradioactive material and the workplan does not require you tocheck for radioactivity, proceed to 7.4.7.3.1 Many facilities are not licensed to
30、handle radioactivematerials and are legally obliged to prove that they do notknowingly accept them. Some facilities are licensed to handleradioactive materials; they need to have a measure of howradioactive the material is for the safety of their workers.7.3.2 Hand-held monitors that check for radio
31、activityshould always be used if you suspect that radioactive materialmight be present or if the workplan requires it. It is importantthat the monitor has been calibrated correctly, according to themanufacturers instructions. Monitoring should be done onlyby those with the appropriate written proced
32、ures, training andequipment.7.3.3 It is prudent to monitor a storage area before enteringit. If radioactive material is found to be present when it shouldnot be, leave the area immediately, post warning signs to alertother workers, and consult your supervisor.7.4 Drums may contain flammable material
33、s, strong oxidiz-ers or reducing materials, light-sensitive materials, corrosiveacids or bases, and materials sensitive to moisture or move-ment, or both. All of these drums require special handling,including segregation, when possible.4Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey Department of Envi
34、ronmentalProtection, Division of Remedial Support, August 2005 (available online).NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.3 to 7.5 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D6063 1147.4.1 Many solvents, like benzene, evaporate into air spacein and around the drum where the v
35、apor may be easily ignited.7.4.2 If you are sampling a potentially flammable or un-known material, non-sparking tools should be used and thedrums should be grounded.7.4.3 If the drums are stored in a closed room or confinedspace, the air in the area should be tested by a hand-heldmonitor to check fo
36、r flammable vapors. It is important that themonitor has been calibrated according to the manufacturersinstructions. The monitoring should be done by those with theappropriate training and written procedures. (WarningFlammable materials should be sampled in a well-ventilatedarea. There are other safe
37、ty considerations that must beconsidered regarding confined spaces. It may be necessary tocheck for explosivity or oxygen levels.)7.4.4 Labels on drums of waste materials may not beaccurate. Unless the drums come from a reliable source, forexample, the generator of the material and the process thatc
38、reated the waste are known to you, it is prudent to assume thatthe labels may not match the contents. (WarningAttemptingto open a drum that is in poor condition can expose a workerto the possibility of a serious, even fatal, accident. Specialprecautions should be taken when the bungs are rusted orco
39、rroded since the drum top may give way, exposing theworker to vapor or liquid. Overpacking before sampling shouldbe considered for drums in poor condition.)NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.6 to 7.8 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D6063 1157.5 It is not alway
40、s necessary to sample every drum in a lot.The workplans provide direction as to how many, and possiblywhich, drums should be sampled. Each drum that will besampled must be identified in a unique way in case a secondsample has to be taken later. Colored labels, crayons, paintsticks or pens, or stenci
41、led paint can be used to identify drums.Any new identification system should not cover the existinglabels or identifiers.7.6 Sometimes drums have to be moved to another locationfor sampling; this is known as “drum staging.” This is requiredif:7.6.1 Sampling the drum in its present location poses a h
42、ighrisk to surrounding property or individuals, or both,7.6.2 The drum cannot be accessed for sampling in itscurrent location, or7.6.3 Exposure to climatic conditions alter the sample, forexample, formation of ice; or create a health and safety risk, forexample, the sun heating a drum containing sol
43、vents.7.7 The physical condition of drums must be evaluatedbefore attempting to open or move them (see Warning in 7.4.4).Drum carriers, which lock on the drum lip, should not be usedto move the drum if the condition is poor.7.8 Materials in layers, such as oil with water, can becomemixed together wh
44、en moved. If you want to sample each layerseparately, the material may need time to settle before openingand sampling the drum.8. Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure8.1 The physical state(s) of the material(s) being sampled isan important criterion when sampling (see Fig. 3).8.2 A drum containi
45、ng one liquid, such as water, or amixture of liquids, such as a stable emulsion like hand cream,that does not separate into two layers regardless of time, is saidto contain one phase. A drum containing two liquids, such asoil and water, which form two distinct layers when they are notstirred is said
46、 to contain two phases.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 8.1 to 8.5 in the text.FIG. 3 Selection of Suitable Sampling ProcedureD6063 1168.3 When it is necessary to know the amounts of solid andliquid layers in a drum, a calibrated measuring device or thesampling equipment (for examp
47、le, a COLIWASA) can beinserted into the opened drum (see Section 12) and the liquidlevel measured.8.4 Although sludges behave like sticky solids and are notusually pumped, they can contain quite a high proportion ofliquids, such as oil or water, which is not visible as free liquid.8.5 An unconsolida
48、ted solid is a material like sand or apowder. A consolidated solid consists of material, like sand-stone or concrete.8.5.1 A drum containing mixed materials, such as dispos-able personal protective equipment and laboratory supplies, istreated as one with unconsolidated solids.8.6 If the waste materi
49、al is likely to attack the samplingequipment, such as an acid corroding a metal thief:8.6.1 The equipment may partially dissolve, adding con-stituents, such as metals to the sample. Faulty conclusions maybe drawn about the composition of the sample, leading tocostly and unnecessary remedial actions, and8.6.2 The equipment will have to be replaced frequently,adding costs to the project.8.7 When selecting equipment, it is important to be aware ofthe limitations of the tools. The design of some equipment canresult in part of the material not being sampled. F
