1、Designation: D 6448 04An American National StandardStandard Specification forIndustrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made inwhole or in part with hydrocarbon-based us
3、ed or reprocessedlubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative andhydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use invarious types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment undervarious climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are notintended for use in residential he
4、aters, small commercialboilers, combustion engines, or marine applications,1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are usedlubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fueloil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use inindustrial burners equipped to handle these
5、 types of recycledfuels.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchaseof fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for theguidance of consumers of such fuel
6、s. This specification doesnot address the frequency with which any particular test mustbe run.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive.In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous wasteand fuels from used
7、oil are required to meet certain criteriabefore use as a fuel.NOTE 2For United States federal requirements imposed on used oilgenerators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers,and burners, see 40 CFR 279.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createpro
8、blems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point
9、by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD96 Test Methods for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil byCentrifuge Method (Field Procedure)3D97 Test Method for Pour Point
10、of Petroleum ProductsD 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 396 Specification for fuel OilsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (the Calcul
11、ation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and FuelOils by the Extraction MethodD 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravi
12、ty of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
13、byWavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by Centrifuge1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.P0 on Recy
14、cled Petroleum Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6448 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D
16、2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofAutomotive Fluid Lubricants Measured by BrookfieldViscometerD 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel OilsD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by D
17、igital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byEnergy-D
18、ispersive X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils PotentiometricKarl Fisher TitrationD 4865 Guide for the Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 4868 Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heatof Burner and Diesel FuelsD 4980
19、 Test Method for Screening of pH in WasteD 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricat-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D 6304 Test Method for De
20、termination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulo-metric Karl Fisher TitrationD 6450 Test Method for Flash Point by ContinuouslyClosed Cup (CCCFP) TesterD 6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-u
21、cts by Thermohydrometer Method2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:4EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions byIon ChromatographyEPA SW-846 Method 9000 Determination of Water inWaste Materials by Karl Fisher TitrationEPA SW-846 Method 9001 Determination of Water inWaste Lubri
22、cants by Quantitative Calcium Hydride Reac-tionEPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of InorganicAnions by Ion Chromatography2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:540 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 burner fuel oil, nany petroleum liquid suitabl
23、e forthe generation of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox asa vapor or a spray, or a combination of both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized pri-marily by viscosity ranges.3.1.2 reclaiming, nthe use of cleaning methods duringrecycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminan
24、ts, thusmaking the oil suitable for further use. The methods mayinclude settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifug-ing.3.1.3 recycling, nin petroleum technology, the acquisitionof oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, andprocessing it to regain useful materials.3.1.4 re
25、-refining, nthe use of refining processes duringrecycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants orother petroleum products. Re-refining may include one or moreof the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatmentsemploying acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, orcombin
26、ation thereof.3.1.5 used oil, nin petroleum product recycling, oil whosecharacteristics have changed since being originally manufac-tured, and that is suitable for recycling.3.1.6 waste oil, nin petroleum technology, oil havingcharacteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or foreconomi
27、c recycling.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this specification,refer to Terminology D 4175.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 reprocessing, nin petroleum product recycling, thepreparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel.3.3.1.1 DiscussionReprocessing includes pr
28、ocedures suchas settling, filtration, blending, distillation, and chemical treat-ment.3.3.2 industrial burner, na device that produces heat forindustrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbonfuels.3.3.2.1 DiscussionIndustrial burners are typically de-signed for one of two applications:(a)
29、 industrial furnacesintegral components of manufac-turing processes that provide direct heating, for example, inaggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; orblast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.(b) industrial boilerslarge indirect heating units thattransfer thermal energ
30、y to water or other fluids or gases for usein heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes4. Classification4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel contain-ing recycled lubricating oils covered by this specification.These grades may or may not correlate directly with simi
31、largrades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation iden-tifies them as Reprocessed Fuel Oils. The usage descriptions ofeach grade may not describe all the uses, but are included asgeneral information. The four grades are described as follows:4.1.1 Grade RFO4Primarily a blend of used lubricatingo
32、ils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derivedfrom used oil. It is intended for use in pressure atomizingindustrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycled4Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washin
33、gton D.C. 20460. (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm.5National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations(CFR), Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.www.gpoaccess.gov/c
34、fr/index.html.D6448042oil fuel is used in many medium capacity industrial burnerswhere ease of handling justifies the higher cost over the heavierused oil fuels.4.1.2 Grade RFO5LA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil blend or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel ofintermediate viscosity,
35、 heavier than Grade RFO4. It is intendedfor use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners notrequiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped toatomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. Itspermissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped andatomized at relatively l
36、ow-storage temperatures.4.1.3 Grade RFO5HA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel,heavier than Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrialburners equipped with devices that atomize oil of higherviscosity than domestic burners can handle. Pr
37、eheating may benecessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colderclimates for handling.4.1.4 Grade RFO6A high-viscosity used lubricating oiland residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It isintended for use in large industrial heaters and may requirepreheating in the storage tank t
38、o permit pumping. Additionalpreheating at the burner may be necessary to permit satisfac-tory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance re-quired to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in smallinstallations.5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimu
39、mof 25 % (volume) of used lubricating oil-derived products, thebalance being a Specification D 396 fuel oil or suitable refinerystocks.5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consistingprimarily of hydrocarbons. Fuel oils containing residual com-ponents shall remain uniform in storage and shal
40、l not separateby gravity or aging into layers in normal operating conditions.NOTE 4Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitatecirculation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.5.3 The fuel oil shall not contain excessive amounts oforganic or inorganic acids, or both, and sh
41、all be free of solid orfibrous matter that could cause system handling or maintenanceproblems. The buyer and seller should agree on any require-ments for particle size.NOTE 5The fuels defined by this specification are appropriate only forburners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentia
42、lly highermetals and ash content.6. Detailed Requirements6.1 Grade RFO4The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity rangebelow 5 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with Test MethodD 445.6.2 Grade RFO5LThe requirements for this type of fuelare prese
43、nted in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range5.0 to 8.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with TestMethod D 445.6.3 Grade RFO5HThe requirements for this type of fuelare presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range9.0 to 14.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with TestMeth
44、od D 445.6.4 Grade RFO6The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range15.0 to 50.0 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with TestMethod D 445.NOTE 6In the United States, fuel must also meet EnvironmentalProtection Agency on-specification parameter
45、s for recycled used oil fuelsas defined under 40 CFR 279.11.6.5 The properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe burner. Only referee test methods are shown in Table 1.(See Section 7 for alternate test methods and Appendix X1 for
46、significance of test requirements).6.6 A representative sample shall be obtained for testing.Practice D 4057 or D 4177 or other comparable samplingTABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating OilsProperties MethodAProposed LimitsBRFO4 RFO5L RFO5H RFO6Physical:Visco
47、sity 100C mm2/sCD 445minimum . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0maximum . . . 5.0 8.9 14.9 50.0Flash point, C (F), min D93 38 (100) 55 (130) 55 (130) 60 (140)Water 2.0 % for RFO 6; Filtration may be required to obtain appropriate particle size for use.EDensity in kg/L at 15C multiplied by 1000 = Kg/m3.FLocal j
48、urisdictions may limit the sulphur content in burner fuels.GAssumes 7.5 lb/US gal.D6448043standards should be followed. In case of dispute, PracticeD 4057 shall be the referee practice.Aminimum sample size ofabout 1 L (1 US qt) is recommended.6.7 Testing frequency and any modifications of limitingre
49、quirements to meet special operating conditions shall beagreed upon by both the buyer and the seller.NOTE 7It is possible that one or more of the parameters listed in Table1 may be used as an indicator of when more extensive testing is required.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following test methods,except as noted:7.1.1 ViscosityTest Method D 445. For quality control, aBrookfield rotary viscometer (Test Method D 2983) may beused. In case of dispute Test Method D 445 s
