1、Designation: D5293 171Standard Test Method forApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base StocksBetween 10 C and 35 C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEBold emphasis was added editorially to values in Table 1 in August 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This
3、test method covers the laboratory determination ofapparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by coldcranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between 10 C and35 C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105to 104s1forviscosities of approximate
4、ly 900 mPas to 25 000 mPas. Therange of an instrument is dependent on the instrument modeland software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosityresults by this method are related to engine-cranking charac-teristics of engine oils.1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement ofhighly visc
5、oelastic oils in manual instruments. See AppendixX2.1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automateddetermination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using thecold-cranking simulator.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are incl
6、uded in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior t
7、o use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations is
8、sued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsD2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine OilsAt Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cra
9、nking Simulator(Withdrawn 1993)3D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits a constantvisc
10、osity at all shear rates.3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, none that exhibits aviscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.3.1.3 viscosity, ,nthe property of a fluid that determinesits internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by: 5(1)where: = the stress per unit area, a
11、nd = the rate of shear.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of theresistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosityis the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple1This test method is under the jurisdi
12、ction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5293 15. DOI:1
13、0.1520/D5293-17E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this histori
14、cal standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
15、West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World
16、 Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarilyused. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity obtained by use ofthis test method.
17、3.2.1.1 DiscussionSince many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can varywith shear rate.3.2.2 calibration oils, noils with known viscosity andviscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define thecalibration relationship between viscosity and cold-crankings
18、imulator rotor speed.3.2.3 check oil, na batch of test oil used to monitormeasurement performance.3.2.4 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosity isto be determined by use of this test method.3.2.5 viscoelastic oil, na non-Newtonian oil or fluid thatclimbs up the rotor shaft during rotatio
19、n.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fittedinside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filledwith oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner walland maintained by removing heat with a controlled process tomaintain a constant stat
20、or temperature during test. The speed ofthe rotor is calibrated as a function of viscosity. Test oilviscosity is determined from this calibration and the measuredrotor speed.5. Significance and Use5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oilscorrelates with low temperature engine cranking
21、. CCS appar-ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flowTABLE 1 Calibration Oil Sets by Test TemperatureTest Temp 35 C 30 C 25 C 20 C 15 C 10 CCL080 A . . . . .CL090 A . . . . .CL100 A A . . . .CL110 B A . . . .CL120 B A A . . .CL130 B B A . . .CL140 B B A A . .CL150 B B B A . .
22、CL160 B B B A . .CL170 B B B B A .CL190 B B B B A .CL200 B B BBAACL220 C B B B B ACL240 C B BBBACL250 C B BBBBCL260 . BCL280 . CCL300 . C BBBBCL320 . C C B B BCL340 . . C B B BCL380 . . C B B BCL420 . . . C B BCL480 . . . C B BCL530 . . . C C BCL600 . . . . C CCL680 . . . . C CGroup A Include at lea
23、st one Preferred (bold)or one Alternate.Nominal Values35 C to 25 C; 800 mPas to 1500 mPas20 C to 10 C; 800 mPas to 1400 mPasGroup B Include at least 3. The selection is to be uniformly distributed over the range.Nominal Values35 C to 20 C; 1000 mPas to 15 000 mPas15 C; 1000 mPas to 13 000 mPas10 C;
24、1000 mPas to 9000 mPasGroup C Include at least one.Nominal Values35 C to 20 C; 13500 mPas15 C; 11 500 mPas10 C; 9000 mPasD5293 1712to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Enginecranking data were measured by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (CRC) L-495test with reference oils that had vi
25、scosi-ties between 600 mPas and 8400 mPas (cP) at 17.8 C andbetween 2000 mPas and 20 000 mPas (cP) at 28.9 C. Thedetailed relationship between this engine cranking data andCCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the1967 T edition of Test Method D26026and CRC Report 409.5Because the CR
26、C L-49 test is much less precise and standard-ized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need notaccurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in aspecific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparentviscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results issatisfactory.5.2
27、 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosityand engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between1 C and 40 C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAEgrades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineraloil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.75.3 A correlation was establ
28、ished in a low temperatureengine performance study between light duty engine startabil-ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten1990s engines at temperatures ranging from 5 C down to40 C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,15W, 20W, and 25W).85.4 The measurement of th
29、e cranking viscosity of basestocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use inengine oil formulations.Asignificant number of the calibrationoils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engineoil formulations.6. Apparatus6.1 Two types of apparatus are described for use i
30、n this testmethod: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see AppendixX1) and the automated CCS (see 6.2 and 6.3).6.2 Automated CCS,9consisting of a direct current (dc)electric motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speedsensor or tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeterand fine c
31、urrent-control adjust dial; a stator temperature controlsystem that maintains temperature within 0.05 C of set point;and a heat removal system with a temperature control system,a computer, computer interface, and test sample injectionpump.6.3 Automatic Automated CCS,9as described in 6.2 with theaddi
32、tion of an automated sample table allowing multiple testsamples to be run sequentially under computer control withoutoperator attention.6.4 Calibrated Thermistor,9sensor for insertion in a wellnear the inside surface of the stator to indicate the testtemperature.6.4.1 There must be good thermal cont
33、act between thetemperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean thisthermal well periodically and replace the small drop ofhigh-silver-containing heat transfer medium.6.5 Heat Removal System:6.5.1 For stators with coolant contact, a refrigerator for theliquid coolant is needed to maintai
34、n coolant temperature atleast 10 C below the test temperature. When the coolanttemperature is below 30 C a two-stage refrigeration systemis likely needed. The length of the tubing connections betweenthe CCS and the refrigerator should be as short as possible (lessthan 1 m) and well insulated.6.5.1.1
35、 Coolant, Dry MethanolIf contaminated with waterfrom operating under high humidity conditions, replace it withdry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control.6.5.2 For thermoelectric cooled stators, the liquid coolingtemperature of the water or other appropriate liquid used in therefrigeration
36、 system (chiller) should be set to approximately5 C in order to maintain the sample test temperature. Thecoolant should contain 10 % glycol to prevent blocking of theflow path by ice formation.6.6 Ultrasonic Bath, Unheated(optional)with an oper-ating frequency between 25 kHz to 60 kHz and a typical
37、poweroutput of 100 W, of suitable dimensions to hold container(s)placed inside of bath, for use in effectively dissipating andremoving air or gas bubbles that can be entrained in viscoussample types prior to analysis. It is permissible to use ultra-sonic baths with operating frequencies and power ou
38、tputsoutside this range, however it is the responsibility of thelaboratory to conduct a data comparison study to confirm thatresults determined with and without the use of such ultrasonicbaths does not materially impact results.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Calibration OilsLow-cloud point Newtonian o
39、ils shallbe certified by a laboratory that has been shown to meet therequirements of ISO 17025 by independent assessment. Thecalibration oils shall be traceable to master viscometer proce-dures described in Test Method D2162. Table 1 shows the setsof possible test oils to be used for each test tempe
40、rature.Approximate viscosities at certain temperatures are listed inAppendix X5, whereas exact viscosities are supplied with eachstandard.8. Hazards8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings thatapply to the use of methanol or glycol.5CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers
41、 for PredictingCranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at -0F and -20F,” April 1968 availablefrom the Coordinating Research Council, 5755 North Point Pkwy, Suite 265,Alpharetta, GA 30022.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Rep
42、ort RR:D02-1402. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.7Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 17 (Also published as SAEPaper 780369
43、 in SAE Publication SP-429.).8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1442. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.9The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Cannon Instr
44、ument Co., State College, PA 16804. Website: www.cannoninstru-. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D5
45、293 17138.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leakbefore continuing the test.9. Sampling9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulksampling (see Practice D4057) to obtain a representativesample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.When the sa
46、mple in its container is received below the dewpoint temperature of the room, allow the sample to warm toroom temperature before opening its container. When thesample contains suspended solid material, use centrifuge toremove particles greater than 5 m in size and decant off thesupernate. Filtering
47、is not recommended. DO NOT shake thesample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air, and a falseviscosity reading.9.2 For some sample types, such as viscous lube oils that areprone to having entrained air or gas bubbles present in thesample, the use of an ultrasonic bath (see 6.6) without thehe
48、ater turned on (if so equipped), has been found effective indissipating bubbles typically within 5 min.10. Calibration10.1 On installation of a new instrument or when any part ofthe viscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and soforth) is replaced, set the motor current as described below.R
49、echeck the motor current (as described in 10.3) monthly untilthe change in motor current in consecutive months is less than0.005 A and every three months thereafter.NOTE 1See Appendix X4 for a flowchart for calibration.10.2 Temperature VerificationUsing the temperature veri-fication plugs, verify that the instrument is accurately comput-ing the correct temperature. (Only available on newer modelinstruments.)10.2.1 Unplug thermistor connector from the back pane
