1、Designation: D 6833 02e2An American National StandardStandard Test Method forAccelerated Pollutant Aging of Printing and Writing Paperby Pollution Chamber Exposure Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEReference to a research report was added September 2003.e2NO
3、TEResearch Report D061004 was editorially replaced with Adjunct ADJD06PAPERAGING in March 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure forthe exposure of printing and writing paper to common atmo-spheric pollutant gas at elevated levels of concentration topermit accelerated agi
4、ng of such paper.1.2 This test method specifies the sample preparation andconditions of exposure required to obtain information on therelative stability of paper with regard to change in mechanicalstrength and optical properties brought about by exposure ofsuch paper to common atmospheric pollutant
5、gas.1.3 This test method provides qualitative results regardingpaper stability and does not define the exact life expectancy fora given paper to reach a specified set of strength or opticalproperties. The limit(s) of acceptability for a specified set ofproperties must be defined by each end user and
6、 will determinethe life expectancy of the paper to be tested.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
7、bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper
8、and Paper ProductsD 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. TesterE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 ASTM Adjunct:ASTM Paper Aging Research Program32.3 TAPPI Test Method:
9、T 524 Color of Paper and Paperboard (45/0 Geometry)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968. For terms used in this specificationwhich are not provided by Terminology D 1968, see theDictionary of Paper.54. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method,
10、a specially designed pollutionchamber is used to expose sheets of paper that are separatelyhung in the chamber. Exposure of the paper is to an elevatedconcentration of nitrogen dioxide gas. The gas is circulateduniformly around the external surfaces of the paper in acontrolled manner and for a speci
11、fied period of time. The gasreacts chemically with the ingredients of the paper and causeschanges in its physical strength and in its optical properties. Bycomparing initial and final levels of these parameters againstspecified difference criteria, a measure of the stability of paperstrength and opt
12、ical properties is obtained.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method will find use by parties concernedabout the influence of common atmospheric pollutant gases onthe permanence of the physical strength and optical propertiesof various printing and writing papers.5.2 The test will provide manufac
13、turers, paper users andother interested parties with quantified rankings of paper1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 onStandard Documents Relating to Paper and Paper Products.Current edit
14、ion approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published October 2002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availabl
15、e from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD06PAPERAGING. Formerly Research Report D061004.4Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, P.O.Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.5Available from TAPPI, 5th ed., 1996.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.stability that identify papers that are stable, moderately stableand unstable when exposed to common atmospheric pollutantgases over periods of time.5.3 The stability rankings may be used for definition of thestability of paper to p
17、ollutant gas exposure, but will not definespecific periods of life expectancy, as the limits of acceptablephysical strength and optical properties will be different forvarious users of a given paper.6. Apparatus6.1 Use a test chamber that is designed to provide a veryuniform flow of pollutant gas (d
18、iluted in standard commercialdry air) over all surfaces of individually suspended sheets ofpaper. Utilize materials for construction of the components ofthe chamber exposed to the gas stream that are highly resistantto the corrosive nature of the pollutant gas.6.2 Provide a control system that ensur
19、es very precise flowof the pollutant gas into the chamber. The gas concentration inthe pollution chamber shall be monitored and recorded withappropriate equipment and instruments.6.3 Provide a separate and independent system to measureand control relative humidity in the test chamber by addition ofs
20、team.6.4 Include an exhaust system in the design of the pollutionapparatus that permits pollutant gas flow (volume/h) to becontinuously removed. The amount to be removed each hourshall be equal to approximately 5 % of the volume in thechamber. This is to ensure that there is no buildup in thechamber
21、 of products of degradation emitted from the paperduring the period of exposure.6.5 Utilize a test chamber that will ensure uniform andseparated positioning of individual sheets of paper within thechamber. Its design shall be such that all paper surfaces receivea flow of gas that has uniform velocit
22、y and concentration overthe surface of all sheets.6.6 Provide safety systems in the workspace surroundingthe test chamber to ensure that any gas that may escape fromthe system will be thoroughly and quickly removed from theworkspace in a manner that is safe and environmentally sound.7. Sampling and
23、Test Specimens7.1 Select a paper sample according to Practice D 585.7.2 For the set of test specimens selected, randomize thesheets of paper according to accepted statistical procedure.8. Calibration8.1 Provide a system for delivery of gas to the test chambersuch that a flow of gas containing 50 6 2
24、 ppm of nitrogendioxide in dry air will be continuously delivered to thechamber.8.2 Recalibrate the instrument with sufficient frequency toensure continual delivery of the required gas flow.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition all test specimens in the dark prior to andfollowing the pollutant-aging test acc
25、ording to Practice D 685.10. Procedure10.1 Measure the initial M.I.T. folding endurance and yel-lowness (b*) of the paper after conditioning of the paper.Conduct this test just prior to insertion into the test chamber ofspecimens from the same lot as were initially tested. MeasureM.I.T. folding endu
26、rance according to Test Method D 2176.Measure yellowness on the top-side of the paper according tothe b* value of the CIE system according to TAPPI T 524.10.2 Because papers of different basis weight will havemore or less initial folding endurance, vary the tension on thespecimen so that a target ra
27、nge between 400 and 700 doublefolds will be obtained from each initial specimen prior toaging. While this range is desirable, specific papers may haveinitial double fold strengths either above or below this range.An effort should be made to cause the paper to fail with lessthan 1000 double folds, bu
28、t even this may not be possible forthe strongest papers and is not mandatory. To adjust initialdouble fold strength may require changing the weight on theplunger of the fold endurance instrument. As specified in TestMethod D 2176, use only weights between 500 and 1500 g.Provide the same tension load
29、 to each specimen after pollutionaging as was applied to that specimen before aging.10.3 Select a set of specimens for aging that is sufficientlylarge to ensure 95 % confidence that the test results representthe population of paper being surveyed and that shall be inaccordance with Practice E 122.10
30、.4 Suspend specimens from the four corners of the testchamber and thread them through rods provided for theirsuspension.10.5 Expose all specimens to 50 ppm of nitrogen dioxide indry air as controlled in the gas input stream for 120 6 0.5 h. Donot insert additional specimens or remove specimens from
31、thechamber during the period of exposure.10.6 Maintain the internal space of the test chamber at 23Cand 50 % relative humidity during the conduct of the procedureusing control methods as specified in Practice D 685.10.7 Immediately upon removal from the test chamber,condition the paper specimens in
32、the dark for 24 h according toPractice D 685.10.8 Immediately upon removal from the conditioning pro-cess, once again measure the fold endurance and yellowness ofthe specimens.10.9 Measure resistance to fold strength loss (M.I.T. foldretention) and resistance to yellowing (D b*) according to TestMet
33、hod D 2176 and TAPPI T 524 respectively.11. Calculation and Interpretation of Results11.1 Calculate the percentage change in fold enduranceaccording to the following formula:% Change 5Fi2 FfFi3 100 (1)where:Fi= initial fold endurance, andFf= final fold endurance.11.2 Calculate the absolute change in
34、 yellowness accordingto the following formula:Change in yellowness, Db* 5?b*f2 b*i?(2)D683302e22where:b*f= final yellowness, andb*i= initial yellowness.11.3 With regard to loss of fold endurance, the followingclasses are specified:11.3.1 High strength stability: $50 % M.I.T. Fold Endur-ance retentio
35、n.11.3.2 Low strength stability: 0.5#5.0 points of abso-lute b* increase.11.4.3 Optically unstable: 5.0 points of absolute b* in-crease.NOTE 1If all that is desired is legibility of a printed text, paper canbecome significantly yellowed and still meet the requirements of the enduser, even though the
36、 changes in optical properties may position it in the“unstable” category.12. Report12.1 Report the percent change in fold endurance and thepercent change in yellowness (Db*).12.2 From the percent change values and the classes ofstability defined in Section 10, report whether a tested speci-men is ju
37、dged likely to be stable, moderately stable, or unstablein terms of its strength and optical properties when exposed tofuture natural long-term aging experiences in which commonatmospheric pollutant gases are present.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Precision and bias requirements are found in the testmet
38、hods for M.I.T. fold endurance (Test Method D 2176) andyellowness (TAPPI T 524) measurement.14. Keywords14.1 accelerated aging of paper; atmospheric pollutant gas;life expectancy; optical permanence; oxides of nitrogen gas;physical strength permanence; stability of paperAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Informa
39、tion)X1. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONX1.1 Classes of StabilityX1.1.1 It is very important to note that what is stable paperfor one user may be unstable for another. Therefore, the limitsof acceptability (the points at which a paper is no longer usefulfor its intended purpose) must be defined by end-users.
40、 It isonly with such information in hand that accurate definition ofthe strength and optical life expectancy of paper can be made.X1.2 Limitations of Pollutant TestX1.2.1 It should be mentioned that natural aging is vari-ously the result of the action of heat, light, and chemicals (forexample, pH),
41、including pollutants from the air that becomeentrained into the paper. This protocol is intended to charac-terize only pollutant-induced reactions. In different conditionsof natural aging, an infinite range of conditions can be foundwhere these elements are differently “mixed.” Therefore, forthe gre
42、atest understanding of possible future aging effects, theinvestigator may wish to accelerate paper aging separately byelevated temperature, by elevated light flux, and by increasedconcentration of common pollutant gases.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) Forsskhl, I., Light Aging Test Method Development: ASTM Research
43、Program into the Effect of Aging on Printing and Writing Papers,KCL, August 2000.(2) Atalla, R., Bond, J., Hunt, C., and Agarwal, U., Quantification andPrediction of Aging of Printing and Writing Papers Exposed to Light:ASTM Research Program into the Effect of Aging on Printing andWriting Papers, US
44、DA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory,August 2000.(3) Kaminska, E., Bgin, P., Grattan, D., Woods, D., and Blow, A.,ASTM/ISR Research Program on the Effects of Aging on Printing andWriting Papers: Accelerated Aging Test Method Development, Cana-dian Conservation Institute, January 2001.(4) Sh
45、ahani, C., Lee, S. B., Hengemihle, F. H., Harrison, G., Song, P.,Sierra, M. L., Ryan, C. C., and Weberg, N., Accelerated Aging ofPaper: I. Chemical Analysis of Degradation Products; II. Applicationof Arrhenius Relationship; III. Proposal for a New Accelerated AgingTest: ASTM Research Program into th
46、e Effect of Aging on Printing andWriting Papers, Preservation Research and Testing Division, Libraryof Congress, February 2001.(5) Reilly, J. M., Zinn, E., and Adelstein, P., Atmospheric Pollutant AgingTest Method Development: Report to ASTM, Image PermanenceInstitute at Rochester Institute of Techn
47、ology, June 2000.D683302e23ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infri
48、ngement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar
49、d or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be o
