1、Designation: D6894 11Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Aeration Resistance of Engine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged Automotive Diesel Engine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAny properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the proce
3、dure described inthis test method. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)2provides reference oils and anassessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By these means, the laboratorywill know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically similar to
4、 those obtained byother laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services inseeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army imposes such arequirement in connection with several Army engine lubricating oil specifications.Ac
5、cordingly, this test method is written for use by laboratories that utilize the TMC services.Laboratories that choose not to use those services may simply ignore those portions of the test methodthat refer to the TMC.This test method may be modified by means of information letters issued by the TMC.
6、3In addition,the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the method. For other information, refer tothe research report for this test method.41. Scope1.1 This test method was designed to evaluate an engineoils resistance to aeration in automotive diesel engine service.It is commonly referre
7、d to as the Engine Oil Aeration Test(EOAT). The test is conducted using a specified 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engine on a dynamometer teststand. This test method was developed as a replacement forTest Method D892 after it was determined that this bench testdid not correlate with oi
8、l aeration in actual service. The EOATwas first included in API Service Category CG-4 in 1995.NOTE 1Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil perfor-mance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision ofSpecification D4485.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be re
9、garded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionWhere there is no direct SI equivalent, forexample, screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, andtubing size.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
10、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Tes
11、t Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6Reagents and Materials 7Preparation of Apparatus 8Calibration 9Test Procedure 10Determination of Test Results 11Report 121This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility o
12、f SubcommitteeD02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D689410. DOI:10.1520/D6894-11.2ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA152006-4489.3Until the n
13、ext revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Centerwill update changes in the test method by means of information letters. Informationletters may be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 PennAvenue, Pittsburgh, PA 152006- 4489. Attention: Administrator. www.astmtmc.
14、cm-u.edu. This edition incorporates revisions contained in all information lettersthrough 10-1.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1379.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
15、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Engine System Drawings Annex A12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Me
16、thod for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (a
17、nd Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel OilD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD892 Test Meth
18、od for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petr
19、oleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumP
20、roducts, and LubricantsD4485 Specification for Performance of Engine OilsD4737 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by FourVariable EquationD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)6D5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils inTwo-Stro
21、ke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA DieselEngine6D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Char-acteristics of Lubricating OilsD6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust PreventiveCharacteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135C
22、E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 SAE Standard:7J 304 Engine Oil Tests2.3 API Standard:8API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certificati
23、on System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines. D65943.1.2 calibrate, vto determine the indication or output ofa device (e.g., thermometer, manometer, engine) with res
24、pectto that of a standard.3.1.3 candidate oil, nan oil that is intended to have theperformance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specificationand is to be tested against that specification. D58443.1.4 engine oil, na liquid that reduces friction or wear, orboth, between the moving parts within a
25、n engine; removes heatparticularly from the underside of pistons; and serves ascombustion gas sealant for the piston rings.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIt may contain additives to enhancecertain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-tion, valve train wear, oil oxidation, and foaming are examp
26、les.D58623.1.5 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis. D60823.1.6 heavy-duty, adjin internal combustion engine op-eration, characterized by average speeds, power output andinternal temperat
27、ures that are close to the potential maximums.D44853.1.7 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuously at orclose to its peak output.3.1.8 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both
28、, betweenthem. D58623.1.9 non-reference oil, nany oil other than a referenceoil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-date oil. D58443.1.10 reference oil, nan oil of known performance char-acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D58443.1.11 test oil, nany oil subjected to ev
29、aluation in anestablished procedure. D65573.1.12 used oil, nany oil that has been in a piece ofequipment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, orturbine), whether operated or not. D41753.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
30、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.6Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.7Available from Socie
31、ty of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. This standard is not available separately. Eitherorder the SAE Handbook Vol. 3 or the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Standards ManualHS-23.8Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC
32、20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.D6894 1123.2.1 aeration, nin liquids, the action of impregnatingwith air that forms foam bubbles in or on the surface of a liquidor is entrained as a dispersion in that liquid.3.2.2 flush, nthe action of cleaning out the engine oilsystem using new test oil to remove any
33、 residues as well as tominimize possible carryover effect from the previous test oil.3.2.3 HEUI, nhydraulically-actuated, electronically-controlled, unit injector.94. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test engine is a 1994 unit built by InternationalTruck and Engine Corporation10(Model No. A215). Thisen
34、gine is equipped with the HEUI fuel system.9It is installedin a fully instrumented test cell.4.2 The test sequence consists of a five-step, warm-upperiod followed by a one-step evaluation period for 20 h atmaximum power.4.3 Aerated oil samples are taken after 1 h, 5 h, and 20 h andthe percent oil ae
35、ration is calculated from the initial volumeand the final volume after sitting undisturbed for 30 min.5. Significance and Use5.1 BackgroundIn the HEUI fuel system, the engine oilfrom the oil sump not only lubricates the engine, it alsosupplies a high-pressure oil system that takes oil from the maing
36、allery and pressurizes it up to 20.7 MPa in a plunger pump(see Fig. A1.1). This oil is used to operate unit injectors that,when used in combination with intensifiers, increase the fuelinjection pressure up to 145 MPa, independent of engine speed.The electronic controls permit varied injection timing
37、 andduration to provide optimum fuel economy and emissions. Thissystem may, however, circulate all the oil in the sump inapproximately 8 s; as a consequence, aeration of the oil canoccur with some engine oils. International determined that 8 %oil aeration was the limit beyond which engine operation
38、andperformance would be impaired in actual service.5.1.1 Prior to 1994, the ability of an engine lubricant toresist aeration was measured by Test Method D892. During thedevelopment of the API CG-4 category in 1994, however, itwas found11that this bench test did not correlate with aerationin the Inte
39、rnational T 444E engine. The EOAT was developed,therefore, to provide a better measurement of the ability of alubricant to resist aeration during engine operation. This testhas been included in API CG-4, CH-4, and CI-4 categories forheavy-duty diesel engine oils.5.2 MethodThe data obtained from the
40、use of this testmethod provide a comparative index of the aeration resistanceof engine oils used in medium- and heavy-duty truck dieselengines.5.3 UseThe tendency of engine oils to aerate in direct-injection, turbocharged diesel engines is influenced by avariety of factors, including engine oil form
41、ulation variables,oil temperature, sump design and capacity, residence time ofthe oil in the sump, and the design of the pressurized oilsystems. In some engine-oil-activated injection systems, theresidence time of the oil in the sump is insufficient to allowdissipation of aeration from the oil. As a
42、 consequence, aeratedoil can be circulated to the injector intensifiers, adverselyaffecting the injection timing characteristics and engine opera-tion.6. Apparatus6.1 Test EngineThe test engine12,13is an International1994, 7.3L, direct-injection, turbocharged, V-8, diesel engine,rated at 160 kW at 3
43、000 rpm. The engine model number isA215. The engine arrangement is shown in Figs.A1.2 andA1.3and the lubrication system in Fig. A1.4. This engine isequipped with the HEUI fuel system (see 5.1 and Fig. A1.1).Details of the engine are documented in the International T444E Diesel Engine Service Manual
44、for Truck ApplicationForm EGES-121 dated April 2002.14The engine serial numbercarries the designation 7.4JU2UXXXXXX. The test engine isinstalled in a fully instrumented test cell.6.1.1 Engine ModificationInstall a14 in. male nationalpipe thread (NPT) stainless steel hex nipple13,15in the threadedout
45、let on the right (passenger) side of the engines high-pressure oil reservoir. Install a14 in. female NPT inlet andoutlet, stainless steel, ball-valve onto the hex nipple with theflow arrow facing away from the reservoir. Install a14 in. maleNPT to male No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 flare stainless steel adapte
46、rfitting in the downstream side of the ball valve. Make up apolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined, stainless steel braid, No.4 hose, with female swivel No. 4 SAE (JIC) 37 female flarefittings on each end. The overall line length should beapproximately 115 cm. Modify a male No. 4 SAE(JIC) 37flare to14
47、 in. fractional tube female compression adapter fittingso that there is a 0.394 mm orifice through the fitting. Insert a37.5 cm long,14 in. thin-wall, steel, fractional tube (this is tobe the sample wand) into the female compression adapter andtighten. For safety, install an insulating handle around
48、 the steeltube to avoid being burned while holding the wand.6.2 Power AbsorptionInstall a 186 kW eddy-current ab-sorption dynamometer in the test cell.6.3 AerationThe HEUI system takes oil from the maingallery and pressurizes it in a plunger pump up to 20.7 MPa.The arrangement is shown in Fig. A1.1.
49、 The pressurized oiloperates unit injectors that increase the fuel pressure up to 145MPa with the help of intensifiers (see Fig.A1.5). The electroniccontrols permit varied injection timing and duration to provideoptimum fuel economy and emissions. As shown in Table 1,9Glassey, S. F, Stockner, A. R., and Flinn, M .A., “HEUIA New Direction forDiesel Engine Fuel System,” SAE Publication 930270; Hower, M. J., Mueller, R.A.,Oehlerking, D. A., and Zielke, M. R., “The New Navistar T444E Direct-InjectionTurbocharged Diesel Engine,” SAE Publication 930269
