1、Designation: D 6914 04e1Standard Practice forSonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installationof Subsurface Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEThe figures were corrected editorially in November 2004.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers proced
3、ures for using sonic drillingmethods in the conducting of geoenvironmental exploration forsite characterization and in the installation of subsurfacemonitoring devices.1.2 The use of the sonic drilling method for geoenviron-mental exploration and monitoring-device installation mayoften involve preli
4、minary site research and safety planning,administration, and documentation. This guide does not pur-port to specifically address site exploration planning and sitesafety.1.3 Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods areclassed as group A or group B in accordance with PracticesD 4220. Other sam
5、pling methods may be used in conjunctionwith the sonic method to collect samples classed as group Cand Group D.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for perform
6、ingone or more specific operations. It is a description of thepresent state-of-the-art practice of sonic drilling. It does notrecommend this method as a specific course of action. Thisdocument cannot replace education or experience and shouldbe used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all
7、aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspec
8、ts. Theword “Standard” in the title of this document means only thatthe document has been approved through theASTM consensusprocess.1.6 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress all the methods and the issues associated with drillingpractices. Users should seek qualified professionals
9、 for deci-sions as to the proper equipment and methods that would bemost successful for their site investigation. Other methods maybe available for drilling and sampling of soil, and qualifiedprofessionals should have the flexibility to exercise judgmentas to possible alternatives not covered in thi
10、s practice. Thispractice is current at the time of issue, but new alternativemethods may become available prior to revisions, therefore,users should consult manufacturers or sonic drilling servicesproviders prior to specifying program requirements.1.7 This practice does not purport to address all th
11、e safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
12、 For good safetypractice, consult applicable OSHA regulations and drillingsafety guides.2,3,42. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM StandardsSoil Classification:5D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 248
13、8 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(VisualManual Method)D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and Rock2.2 ASTM StandardsDrilling Methods:5D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equip
14、ment1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21.01 on Direct PushSampling.Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published April 2004.2“Drilling Safety Guide,” National Drilling Association.3“Drillers Handboo
15、k,” Thomas C. Ruda and Peter Bosscher, National DrillingAssociation.4“Innovative Technology Summary Report,” April 1995, U.S. Department ofEnergy.5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
16、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Used at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone
17、 Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andother Devices for Environmental ActivitiesD 5781 Guide for use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for the Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Sub-Surface Water-Quality Monitoring De-vicesD 5782 Guide for the Use of Direct Air Rotary Drilling f
18、orGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guide for the
19、Use of Hollow Stem Augers forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6151 Practice for Hollow Stem Drilling and Soil Sam-pling for Geotechnical InvestigationD 6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-ronmental Site Characterizatio
20、n2.3 ASTM StandardsSoil Sampling:5D 420 Practice for Investigating and Sampling Soil andRock for Engineering PurposesD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of SoilsD 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD
21、3694 Practice for Preparation of Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling in the Vadose ZoneD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used with Drill Rigs for Environmenta
22、l SiteCharacterization2.4 ASTM StandardsAquifer Testing:5D 4044 Test Method (Field Procedure) for instantaneousChange in Head (Slug Tests) for Determining Hydraulicproperties of AquifersD 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof
23、 Aquifer SystemsD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in Aquifers2.5 ASTM StandardsOther:5D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and Construction3. Terminology3.
24、1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional terms maybe found in Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 amplituderange of drill bit movement necessary toovercome formation elasticity.3.2.2 bit face designt
25、he practice of changing the drill bitface to be neutral to, include, exclude, or shear the materialbeing penetrated.3.2.3 forced vibrationthe tendency of one object to forcean adjoining or interconnected object into vibrational motion.3.2.4 harmonicthe point in a drill string where a specialfrequenc
26、y creates a standing wave pattern throughout thestring.3.2.5 hertzinternational unit of frequency, equal to onecycle per second.3.2.6 hydraulic extractionthe removal of the samplespecimen from the solid sampling barrel by the application offluid.3.2.7 natural frequencythe frequency or frequencies at
27、which an object tends to vibrate when disturbed.3.2.8 resonancewhen one object (sine generator) vibrat-ing at the natural frequency of a second object (drill pipe orcasing) forces the second object into vibrational motion.3.2.9 sine wavea wave form corresponding to a single-frequency periodic oscill
28、ation.3.2.10 sinusoidal forceenergy force generated by an os-cillator that is transmitted to the drill tool string.3.2.11 sonicthe practice of using high frequency vibrationas the primary force to advance drill tools through subsurfaceformations.3.2.12 standing wave patterna vibratory pattern create
29、dwithin the drill string where the vibrating frequency of a carriercauses a reflected wave from one end of the drill string tointerfere with incidental waves from the source in such amanner that at specific points along the drill string it appears tobe standing still. The resulting disturbance is a
30、regular pattern.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Sonic drilling is the utilization of high frequency vibra-tion aided by down pressure and rotation to advance drillingtools through various subsurface formations.All objects have anatural frequency or set of frequencies at which they willvibrate when disturb
31、ed. The natural frequency is dependantupon the properties of the material the object is made of and thelength of the object. The sonic drill head provides the distur-bance to the drilling tools causing them to vibrate. To achievepenetration of the formation the strata is fractured, sheared, ordispla
32、ced. The high frequency vibration can cause the soil incontact with the drill bit and drilling casing string to liquefyand flow away allowing the casing to pass through withreduced friction. Rotation of the drill string is primarily foreven distribution of the applied energy, to control bit wear, an
33、dto help maintain borehole alignment. The use of vibratorytechnology reduces the amount of drill cuttings, provides rapidformation penetration, and the recovery of a continuous coresample of formation specimens for field analysis and labora-tory testing. Boreholes generated by sonic drilling can be
34、fittedwith various subsurface condition monitoring devices. Numer-ous sampling techniques can also be used with this systemincluding thin walled tubes, split barrel samplers, and in-situground water sampling devices. Fig. 1 demonstrates thegeneral principle of sonic drilling.D691404e125. Significanc
35、e and Use5.1 Sonic drilling is used for geoenvironmental investiga-tive programs. It is well suited for environmental projects of aproduction-orientated nature. Disposal of drilling spoils is amajor cost element in any environmental project. Sonic drillingoffers the benefit of significantly reduced
36、drill cuttings andreduced fluid production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formationpenetration thereby increasing production. It can reduce field-work time generating overall project cost reductions. Thecontinuous core sample recovered provides a representativelithological column for review and analys
37、is. Sonic drillingreadily lends itself to environmental instrumentation installa-tion and to in-situ testing. The advantage of a clean cased holewithout the use of drilling fluids provides for increasedefficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to causevibration to the casing string eli
38、minates the complication ofbackfill bridging common to other drilling methods and re-duces the risk of casing lockup allowing for easy casingwithdrawal during grouting. The clean borehole reduces welldevelopment time. Pumping tests can be performed as neededprior to well screen placement to insure p
39、roper screen location.The sonic method is readily utilized in multiple cased wellapplications which are required to prevent aquifer cross con-tamination. Notwithstanding the possibility of vibratory effectson the surrounding formations, the same sonic drilling plusfactors for environmental monitorin
40、g device installations carryover for geotechnical instrumentation as well. The installationof inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, settlementgauges, and the like can be accomplished efficiently with thesonic method.5.2 The cutting action, as the sonic drilling bit passesthrough the formation,
41、may cause disturbance to the soilstructure along the borehole wall. The vibratory action ofdirecting the sample into the sample barrel and then vibratingit back out can cause distortion of the specimen. Core samplescan be hydraulically extracted from the sample barrel to reducedistortion. The use of
42、 split barrels, with or without liners, mayimprove the sample condition but may not completely removethe vibratory effect. When penetrating rock formations, thevibration may create mechanical fractures that can affectstructural analysis for permeability and thereby not reflect thetrue in-situ condit
43、ion. Sonic drilling in rock will require the useof air or fluid to remove drill cuttings from the face of the bit,as they generally cannot be forced into the formation. Samplescollected by the dry sonic coring method from dense, dry,consolidated or cemented formations may be subjected todrilling ind
44、uced heat. Heat is generated by the impact of the biton the formation and the friction created when the core barrelis forced into the formation. The sampling barrel is advancedwithout drilling fluid whenever possible. Therefore, in verydense formations, drilling fluids may have to be used to removed
45、rill cuttings from the bit face and to control drilling generatedheat. In dry, dense formations precautions to control drillinggenerated heat may be necessary to avoid affecting contami-nant presence. The affects of drilling generated heat can bemitigated by shortening sampling runs, changing vibrat
46、ionlevel and rotation speed, using cooled sampling barrels, col-lecting larger diameter samples to reduce affect on the interiorof the sample, and using fluid coring methods or by usingalternate sampling methods such as the standard penetrationtest type samplers at specific intervals. Heat generated
47、 whilecasing the borehole through dense formations after the coresample has been extracted can be alleviated by potable waterinjection and/or by using crowd-in casing bits that shear theformation with minimal resistance. Should borehole walldensification be a concern it can be alleviated by potable
48、waterFIG. 1 General Principle of Sonic DrillingD691404e13injection, by borehole wall scraping with the casing bit, byusing a crowd-in style bit, or by injecting natural clay break-down compounds.5.3 Other uses for the sonic drilling method include mineralinvestigations. Bulk samples can be collected
49、 continuously,quite rapidly, in known quantities to assess mineral content.Aggregate deposits can be accurately defined by using largediameter continuous core samplers that gather representativesamples. A limited amount of rock can be effectively pen-etrated and crushability determined. In construction, projectsinclude freeze tube installations for deep tunnel shafts, piezom-eters, small diameter piles, dewatering wells, foundation an-chors with grouting, and foundation movement monitoringinstrumentation. Sonic drills can be used to set potable waterproduction wells
