1、Designation: D 7005 03Standard Test Method forDetermining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) ofGeocomposites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7005; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bondstrength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measurew
3、ith current technology. The above is recognized and accepted,since all known methods of measurement include the forcerequired to bend the separated layers, in addition to thatrequired to separate them. However, useful information can beobtained when one realizes that the bending force is includedand
4、 that direct comparison between different materials, or evenbetween the same materials of different thickness, cannot bemade. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plieswill be reflected in the bond strength measurement.1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for compar-ing the bo
5、nd strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. Thefocus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types ofdrainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Otherpossible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves,geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Variousprocesse
6、s can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bond-ing, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of th
7、esafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 7.1.1.2. Referenced D
8、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 413 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstratesD 2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimensfor TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 4439 Terminology for
9、 GeosyntheticsE 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 904 Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or PlyAdhesion of Similar Laminates from Flexible Materials3. Terminology3.1 Defini
10、tions:3.1.1 bond strength (ply adhesion)amount of force re-quired (per unit width) to separate plies of material or materialsin peeling mode plus the force to bend the plies.3.1.2 neckinglocalized reduction in cross section, whichmay occur in a material under tensile stress.3.1.3 geocompositea produ
11、ct composed of two or morematerials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.3.1.4 geosynthetica planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project structure, or system.3.1.5 geo
12、textilea permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles.3.1.6 geoneta geosynthetic consisting of integrally con-nected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at variousangles for planar drainage of liquids or gases.3.1.7 geomat/geospacerany three dimensional, polymericmaterial used with so
13、il, rock, or other geotechnical engineeringrelated material as an integral part of a man-made project,structure, or system.3.1.8 index testa test procedure, which may contain aknown bias but may be used to establish an order for a set ofspecimens with respect to the property of interest.3.1.9 machin
14、e directionthe direction in the plane of thefabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Publi
15、shed December 2003.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
16、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.10 atmosphere for testing geosyntheticsair maintainedat a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2C (70 6 4F).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Initially the geotextile is separated from its associatedmate
17、rial with care. The separated plies of the test specimen areplaced into the grips of a tensile testing machine. The grips arethen separated and the force required to further separate theplies is defined as bond strength.NOTE 1The force to bend the separated plies is included in themeasured force.5.
18、Significance and Use5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control orquality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control(MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocompositeproduct manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction qualityassurance (CQA) test, it would be used by cer
19、tification orinspection organizations.5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if theadhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to variousincubation media in durability and/or chemical resistancetesting.5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it shouldbe understood that this
20、is an index test.NOTE 2There have been numerous attempts to relate the results ofthis test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materialsdetermined per ASTM D 5321. To date, no relationships have beenestablished between the two properties.5.4 Test Method D XXXX for determining the
21、bondstrength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptancetest of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution isadvised since information about between-laboratory precisionis incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 areadvisable.5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from dif
22、ferences inreported test results when using the procedure in Test MethodD XXXX for acceptance of commercial shipments, the pur-chaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests wereconducted using comparable test parameters including speci-men conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comp
23、arative testsshould then be conducted to determine if there is a statisticalbias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assis-tance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As aminimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-mens that are as homogeneous as possible and tha
24、t are from alot of the material in question. The test specimens should berandomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The averageresults from the two laboratories should be compared to theStudents t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probabilitylevel chosen by the two parties before the t
25、esting is begun. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected orthe purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future testresults in the light of the known bias. Refer to Practice D 2905,Table 1.6. Apparatus6.1 GripsA gripping system that minimizes both slippageand uneven stre
26、ss distribution is required. Grips lined with thinrubber, crocus clothe or pressure sensitive tape, as well asfile-faced or serrated grips has been successfully used for manymaterials. Air-actuated grips have been found advantageous,particularly in the case of materials that tend to “neck” in thegri
27、ps, since pressure is maintained at all times. Grip faces shallmeasure not less than 50.8 mm (2.0 in.) wide by no less than100 mm (4 in.) long, with the longer dimension perpendicularto the direction of the applied load.6.2 Testing MachineA tensile testing machine with com-puter acquisition capabili
28、ties conforming to the requirementsfor Specification D 76.6.3 Specimen CutterA die 101.6 6 2mm(46 0.08 in.)wide by at least 200 mm (8 in.) long.7. Sampling and Test Specs and Units7.1 Sampling must be performed in a manner that willprovide the desired information. No single procedure can begiven for
29、 all situations. Therefore, Practice D 4354 should beused as a guide in planning sampling procedures.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor sampling, disregard the firstmeter (3 ft) and the last meter (3 ft) of material from the sampleroll. Consider the units in the laboratory sample. For thelaboratory sample, ta
30、ke a swatch at a minimum of 30 cm (1 ft)in the machine direction by the roll width.7.3 Test SpecimensTake no specimen nearer the selvedgeor edge of the sample than120 of the width of the roll, or 150mm (6 in.), whichever is larger, from the bonded material. Cutstrips 101.6 6 2mm(46 0.08 in.) wide an
31、d at least 200 mm(8 in.) long, parallel to the direction under test. For geocom-posites consisting of geotextiles bonded to both sides of thegeonet, mark the specimens to differentiate between the twosides, typically referred to as “Side A” and “Side B.” It isimportant that the test specimens are pr
32、ecision cut with clean,uniform edges so as not to affect the test results.7.4 Test UnitTest five specimens distributed evenly fromacross the width of each laboratory sample in the longitudinal(machine) direction only. It may be desirable to test specimensin the transverse (cross-machine) direction f
33、or special pur-poses.NOTE 3Depending on the application of the geocomposite, transverse(cross-machine) direction specimens can be tested at the clients request,but they are not a requirement.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Equip the tensile testing machine according to manufac-turers instructions for
34、 Tensile Testing Machine- a constant rateof extension (CRE) type conforming to the requirements ofSpecification D 76.8.2 Set the machine speed at 305 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5in./min).8.3 Readings of force and time shall be taken at a minimumrate of 20 readings per second.8.4 If necessary, also set the
35、computer to acquire thereadings from 25-mm (1-in.) of separation to 100-mm (4-in.) ofD7005032separation. The average force recorded will be used to deter-mine the bond strength. These intervals are defined in typicalsoftware programs in terms of crosshead extension, whichwould be 50-mm (2-in) to 200
36、-mm (8-in) of extension.9. Conditioning9.1 Specimen Conditioning:9.1.1 Condition the test specimens at a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F) for not less than 30 min prior to testing.9.1.2 Accelerated testing conditions for “wet” materialsmay be accomplished by placing the test specimens in waterfor 15
37、min, at a water temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).10. Test Conditions10.1 Conduct tests in the standard laboratory atmosphere.11. Procedure11.1 Initiate separation of the plies of the test specimensmanually.11.1.1 Using a utility knife or, some other suitable separa-tion device which does not comprom
38、ise either laminate.Initiate the separation of the laminated geocomposite at theinterface of interest (that is, side A and/or side B). A pair ofwide-mouth pliers may hasten this activity and add an elementof safety. Pre-separate the laminated layers a maximum of 50mm (2 in.) prior to testing.11.2 Cl
39、amp the separated ends of the test specimen in thegrips on the tensile testing machine using an initial gripseparation of approximately 50 mm (2 in.). Make certain theends are aligned with each grip as it is clamped.11.3 The unseparated portion of each test specimen shall beleft loose to move around
40、 freely.11.4 Bend the rigid ply containing the geonet or other rigidcomponent by hand to approximately a 45 angle to the axis ofthe grips. Be vigilant to prevent the free end of the rigidcomponent from contacting the fixed grip or load cell duringthe acquisition segment of the test.11.5 Activate the
41、 tensile testing machine and record theaverage force in N (lbf) to separate the test specimen from25-mm (1-in.) of separation to 100-mm (4-in.) of separation at300 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min).NOTE 4100-mm (4-in.) of separation will require at least 200-mm(8-in.) of crosshead movement.11.6 Repeat
42、steps 11.1 through 11.5 for side “B,” if re-quired.11.7 Repeat steps 11.1 through 11.6 for each test specimenin the test unit.12. Calculation of Results12.1 Calculate the bond strength (ply adhesion) for eachspecimen and each side tested (if applicable) as follows. Thereporting units shall be N/m (l
43、bf/in.):BS 5 BF/W (1)where:BS = bond strength (ply adhesion), that is, the test deter-mination,BF = bond force, the average force in N (lbf) recorded from25-mm (1-in.) of separation to 100-mm (4-in.) ofseparation, andW = width of specimen in meters (in.).13. Report13.1 The report shall include the f
44、ollowing:13.1.1 Reference the test method ASTM D XXXX.13.1.2 Project, type of geosynthetic(s) tested, productsample identification, and if applicable, specific side of mate-rial tested.13.1.3 Complete sample identification.13.1.4 The individual bond strength values for each speci-men and each side t
45、ested when applicable, the average (the testresult) and standard deviation of the five test determinations foreach direction and each side tested.13.1.5 Name and model number of tensile machine used.Include unit number if more than one of the same modelnumbers.13.1.6 Statement when “wet” conditionin
46、g was used.13.1.7 A statement of any departures from suggested testingprocedure so the results can be evaluated and used. Add thesuffix “(Mod.*)” to the test method reference, if there were anymodifications made to the test method, noting the modifica-tions.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionThe in
47、terlaboratory testing program to de-termine the precision of this standard was in progress.14.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the values of bond strength can only be defined interms of a test method.15. Keywords15.1 bond strength; geocomposite; laminates; ply adhesionstren
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