1、Designation: D 7109 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forShear Stability of Polymer Containing Fluids Using aEuropean Diesel Injector Apparatus at 30 and 90 Cycles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7109; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the
3、 shearstability of polymer-containing fluids. The test method mea-sures the viscosity loss, in mm2/s and percent, at 100C ofpolymer-containing fluids when evaluated by a diesel injectorapparatus procedure that uses European diesel injector testequipment. The viscosity loss reflects polymer degradati
4、on dueto shear at the nozzle. Viscosity loss is evaluated after both 30and 90 cycles of shearing.NOTE 1This test method evaluates the shear stability of oils after both30 and 90 cycles of shearing. For most oils, there is a correlation betweenresults after 30 cycles and results after 90 cycles of sh
5、earing, but this is notuniversal.NOTE 2Test Method D 6278 uses essentially the same procedure with30 cycles only instead of both 30 and 90 cycles. The correlation betweenresults from this test method at 30 cycles and results from Test MethodD 6278 has not been established.NOTE 3Test Method D 2603 ha
6、s been used for similar evaluation ofshear stability; limitations are as indicated in the significance statement.No detailed attempt has been undertaken to correlate the results of this testmethod with those of the sonic shear test method.NOTE 4This test method uses test apparatus as defined in CECL
7、-14-A-93. This test method differs from CEC-L-14-A-93 in the period oftime required for calibration.NOTE 5Test Method D 5275 also shears oils in a diesel injectorapparatus but may give different results.NOTE 6This test method has different calibration and operationalrequirements than withdrawn Test
8、Method D 3945.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
9、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warningstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Ca
10、lculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 2603 Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing OilsD 5275 Test Method for Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test(FISST) for Polymer Containing FluidsD 6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Con-taining Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector A
11、pparatusD 6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality AssuranceTechniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement SystemPerformance2.2 Coordinated European Council (CEC) Standard:CEC L-14-A-93 Evaluation of the Mechanical Shear Sta-bility of Lubricating Oils Containing Polymers33. Terminology3.1 Defin
12、itions:3.1.1 kinematic viscosity, na measure of the resistance toflow of a fluid under gravity.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration pressure, nthe recorded gauge pressurewhen calibration fluid RL34 or RL233 undergoes a viscosityloss of 2.75 to 2.85 mm2/s when the reco
13、rded gauge pressure iswithin the range of 13.0 to 18.0 MPa (1885 to 2611 psi).3.2.2 percent viscosity loss, nviscosity loss, as defined in3.2.3, divided by the pre-sheared viscosity, and reported as apercent.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and L
14、ubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 710906.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
15、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from CEC Secretariat, Madou Plaza, 25th floor, Place Madou 1,B-1210 Brussels, Belgium.1*A Summary of Changes section appears
16、 at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 viscosity loss, nthe loss in viscosity determinedfrom the difference in kinematic viscosity at 100C of pre-sheared and post-sheared fluid.4. Summary of
17、 Test Method4.1 A polymer-containing fluid is passed through a dieselinjector nozzle at a shear rate that may reduce its kinematicviscosity. The percent viscosity loss is a measure of themechanical shear stability of the fluid.NOTE 7This test method may also be used for oils not containingpolymer. I
18、t might not be known whether an oil submitted for test containsa polymer.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates the percent viscosity loss offluids resulting from physical degradation in the high shearnozzle device. Thermal or oxidative effects are minimized.5.2 This test method may b
19、e used for quality controlpurposes by manufacturers of polymeric lubricant additivesand their customers.5.3 This test method is not intended to predict viscosity lossin field service in different field equipment under widelyvarying operating conditions, which may cause lubricant vis-cosity to change
20、 due to thermal and oxidative changes, as wellas by the mechanical shearing of polymer. However, when thefield service conditions, primarily or exclusively, result in thedegradation of polymer by mechanical shearing, there may bea correlation between the results from this test method andresults from
21、 the field.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus consists of a fluid reservoir, a double-plunger pump with an electric motor drive, an atomizationchamber with a diesel injector spray nozzle, and a fluid coolingvessel, installed in an area with an ambient temperature of 20to 25C (68 to 77F). Fig. 1 shows the
22、 schematic representationof equipment.46.1.1 Fluid ReservoirIn Fig. 1, the fluid reservoir (7) isopen on the top, has approximately a 250 mL capacity, has a45-mm (1.772-in.) inner diameter, and is calibrated in units ofvolume. It is fitted with an internal fluid distributor as detailedin Fig. 2. A 4
23、0-mm (1.575-in.) diameter watch glass withserrated edges is an acceptable distributor plate. The distributorreduces the tendency of fluid channeling. Temperature ismeasured by a thermometer suspended in the center of the fluidreservoir. The bottom of the thermometer bulb shall be 10 to 15mm above th
24、e entrance to the drain tube opening. Othertemperature-measuring equipment positioned at the same lo-cation may also be used. The outlet is equipped with athree-way stopcock (8). The three-way stopcock is of a conetype with a nonexchangeable solid plug with an 8-mm (0.315-in.) nominal bore size. Tra
25、nsparent plastic tubing, (10) in Fig.1, is used to connect the three-way stopcock to the pump inlet.6.1.2 Double-Plunger Injection PumpIn Fig. 1, the injec-tion pump (11) is defined as Bosch PE 2 A 90D 300/3 S2266.This pump is equipped with a stroke counter (15), ventingscrew (14), and a flow rate a
26、djusting screw (12).6.1.3 Injection Pump, driven by a three-phase electric motor(13) in Fig. 1, rated at a speed of 925 6 25 rpm.6.1.3.1 This motor runs at 925 rpm on the 50 Hz currentprevalent in Europe; it will run at approximately 1100 rpm on60 Hz current. The 1100 rpm speed is not acceptable in
27、thisprocedure. A suitable means shall be taken to ensure theprescribed 925 6 25 rpm speed to the injection pump. Oneacceptable method is to usea6to5speed reducer.6.1.4 Outlet of Injection Pump, connected to the atomizationchamber using high pressure steel tubing. The atomizationchamber (2) in Fig. 1
28、, is defined in more detail in Fig. 3.Tominimize foam generation, the spray chamber is designed sothat the fluid under test exits from the nozzle into a chamberfilled with the test fluid.Adrain tube (17) fitted with a two-waystopcock is included to minimize contamination from theprevious test during
29、 the system cleaning steps. The dieselinjector nozzle is a Bosch DN 8 S 2-type pintle nozzle injector,number 0434 200 012, installed in a Bosch KD 43 SA 53/15nozzle holder. The nozzle holder includes a filter cartridge.4Throughout, the numbers in parentheses refer to the legend in Fig. 1.Legend:(1)
30、Spray nozzle(2) Atomization chamber(3) Outlet of the atomization chamber(4) Distributor plate(5) Glass container fluid reservoir(6) Three-way cock downstream of glass(7) Glass container fluid reservoir(8) Three-way cock downstream of glass container(9) Support column(10) Connection with pump-suction
31、 opening(11) Double-plunger injection pump(12) Pump setting screw(13) Electric motor(14) Venting screw/pump(15) Stroke counter(16) Pressure tubing from pump to injector(17) Return line for overflowing liquid(18) Pressure sensing deviceFIG. 1 Apparatus for Shear Stability TestingD7109072NOTE 8Exercis
32、e great care to avoid damage to the precision parts ofthe fuel injection equipment (the plunger and barrel in the pump and thenozzle valve assembly). Service work on the equipment should beperformed by a diesel fuel injector pump specialist or with reference to themanufacturers service manual.5NOTE
33、9An unusually rapid rise in gauge pressure during testing maysignify filter blockage. When this occurs, the filter cartridge shall bereplaced.6.1.5 Pressure Sensing Device (18), such as a glycerol-filledpressure gauge or electronic, digital display pressure indicator,shall be installed and separated
34、 from the line by a pressuresnubber or needle valve to suitably dampen pressure surges.The pressure device shall be occasionally pressure tested toensure accuracy.6.1.6 Fluid Cooling Vessel, (5) in Fig. 1), used to maintainthe specified temperature of the test fluid, as indicated at theoutlet of the
35、 fluid reservoir. This vessel is a glass container withexterior cooling jacket constructed so that the heat transfersurface of the jacket is spherical. The exterior jacket diameter,d1, is approximately 50 mm (1.969 in.). The interior heattransfer surface, d2, is approximately 25 mm (0.984 in.) india
36、meter. The overall length, L, is approximately 180 mm(7.087 in.). A distributor plate, similar in design to thedistributor plate in the fluid reservoir, is positioned in the upperportion of the fluid cooling vessel to ensure contact betweenthe fluid and the cooling surface. The discharge from the fl
37、uidcooling vessel is through a three-way stopcock of the samedesign used on the discharge of the fluid reservoir. The exteriorcooling jacket shall be supplied with an adjustable volume ofcold water.7. Materials7.1 Diesel Fuel (No. 2), initially required to adjust the dieselinjector nozzle valve open
38、ing pressure.7.2 Calibration Fluid RL34, used to ensure that when theapparatus is adjusted within a prescribed pressure range, thecorrect viscosity loss is obtained.7.3 Calibration Fluid RL233, used to ensure that when theapparatus is adjusted within a prescribed pressure range, thecorrect viscosity
39、 loss is obtained.NOTE 10Both calibration fluids RL34 and RL233 meet the require-ments of this test method and are equivalent. Both are acceptable duringa transition period between suppliers. See research report for details of theequivalence testing.68. Hazards8.1 (WarningUse a safety shield between
40、 the high-pressure components and the operator during use of equip-ment.)8.2 (WarningDuring operation, the line between thepump and nozzle, (16) in Fig. 1), is under a pressure of at least13.0 MPa (130 bar or 1885 psi). Pressures above the upperlimit of 18.0 MPa (180 bar or 2611 psi) are possible if
41、 filterplugging occurs. Shut off the pump prior to tightening anyfitting that is not properly sealed.)9. Sampling9.1 Approximately 650 mL of fluid is needed per test.9.2 The test fluid shall be at room temperature, uniform inappearance, and free of any visible insoluble material prior toplacing it i
42、n the test equipment.9.3 Water and insolubles shall be removed before testing, orfilter blocking and nozzle wear may occur. Filter blocking canbe detected by a sudden change in gauge pressure. Thetransport of insolubles to the shear zone will shorten nozzlelife.10. Calibration and Standardization10.
43、1 Nozzle AdjustmentsIf the nozzle to be used is new orhas not been pre-calibrated, adjust the diesel injector nozzleholder with the nozzle in place. Adjust the nozzle using dieselfuel and a nozzle tester so that the valve opening pressure is13.0 MPa (1885 psi) under static conditions. If the nozzle
44、hasbeen pre-calibrated with RL34 or RL233 calibration oil, adjustthe valve opening pressure to the calibration pressure pre-scribed, which must be between 13.0 MPa (1885 psi) and 18.0MPa (2611 psi).10.1.1 Install the nozzle and the nozzle holder in the testapparatus. The pintle/spray nozzle shall be
45、 tightly fitted in thechamber to avoid leakage of oil around the external surface ofthe spray nozzle.10.2 Measurement of Residual Undrained Volume, Vres:10.2.1 The residual undrained oil volume of the system isthe volume of the system between the three-way stopcockbelow the fluid reservoir (8) in Fi
46、g. 1, and the injector nozzleorifice (1). Vresdoes not include the atomization chambervolume. When the residual undrained volume is known, go to10.3.5Repair Instructions for Diesel Injection Pumps Size A, B, K and Z, BulletinWJP101/1 B EP, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2800 South 25thAve., Broadview, IL60153.6
47、Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021629.NOTEDimensions are given in millimetres.FIG. 2 Distributor PlateD710907310.2.2 To determine residual undrained volume, first re-move as much fluid as possible by briefly ru
48、nning the pump.10.2.3 Remove the high-pressure lines (16) in Fig. 1, anddrain. Remove the plug at the end of the pump gallery to drainthe remaining oil in the pump. Drain atomization chamber (2).10.2.4 Reassemble the system and close all drains. Theupper three-way stopcock (6) shall be open to the l
49、owerreservoir (7) and the lower three-way cock (8) shall be open tothe pump suction (10).10.2.5 Add 170 mL of RL34 or RL233 calibration oil to thelower reservoir (7) and observe the level. Start the pump andrun for several minutes until the oil is transparent and free ofsuspended air.10.2.6 Stop the pump. Drain the fluid in the atomizationchamber into a beaker and then pour the fluid back into thelower reservoir; draining to waste will result in an error in themeasurement of Vres. Allow the system to drain for 20 min andfree air trapped in the transparent c
