1、Designation: D7223 11 (Reapproved 2015) An American National StandardStandard Specification forAviation Certification Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases
3、 of aviation turbinefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviationturbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. Thespecification can be used as a standard in describing the qualityof this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.1.3 This specif
4、ication does not include the fuels that arecommonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed inSpecification D1655.1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specificationmay be used in other than turbine engines that are specificallydesigned and certified for this fuel.1.5 The values s
5、tated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 ExceptionUnits of pressure are also given in psi.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Pe
6、troleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-i
7、ty)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorp
8、tionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method fo
9、r Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Su
10、lfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3828 T
11、est Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual
12、 Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace Contamina
13、tion1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous ed
14、ition approved in 2011 as D7223 11. DOI:10.1520/D7223-11R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.C
15、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4952
16、 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type)
17、in Aviation FuelsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6378 Test Method for Determina
18、tion of Vapor Pressure(VPX) of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, andHydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple ExpansionMethod)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. General3.1 T
19、his specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation certification turbine fuel atthe time and place of delivery.4. Classification4.1 One type of aviation turbine fuel is provided, as follows:4.1.1 Jet C-1A relatively wide boiling range volatiledistillate.5. Ma
20、terials and Manufacture5.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise specified inthis specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocar-bons (see Note 1) derived from conventional sources includingcrude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil,and oil sands. The use of jet
21、 fuel blends, containing compo-nents from other sources, is permitted only on a specific,individual basis (seeAnnexA1 on fuels from non-conventionalsources in Specification D1655).NOTE 1Conventionally refined jet fuel contains trace levels ofmaterials which are not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates
22、,organosulfur, and nitrogeneous compounds.5.1.1 Fuels used in engines and aircraft are ultimatelyapproved by the certifying authority subsequent to formalsubmission of evidence to the authority as part of the typecertification program for that aircraft and engine model.Additives to be used as supple
23、ments to an approved fuel mustalso be similarly approved on an individual basis (see Speci-fication D1655).5.2 AdditivesMay be added to this aviation turbine fuel inthe amount and of the composition specified in the followinglist of approved material:35.2.1 AntioxidantsIn amounts not to exceed 24.0
24、mg Lactive ingredients (not including mass of solvent):5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol.5.2.1.2 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol.5.2.1.3 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol.5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, plus25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary-butyl phenols.5.2.1.5
25、 55 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butylphenol, plus 15 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methylphenol, remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butylphenols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butylphenol, 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl phenols.5.2.2 Metal Deact
26、ivator Additive (MDA), in amount not toexceed 2.0 mg L (not including mass of solvent) on initial fuelmanufacture at the refinery. Higher initial concentrations arepermitted in circumstances where copper contamination issuspected to occur during distribution. Cumulative concentra-tion of MDA when re
27、treating the fuel shall not exceed5.7 mg L:5.2.2.1 N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4504not toexceed 3 mg L.5.2.3.1 When loss of fuel conductivity necessitates retreat-ment with electrical conductivity additive, the following con-centration limits a
28、pply:At Manufacture:Stadis 450 3 mg L, maxRetreatment:Stadis 450 cumulative total 5 mg L, max5.2.4 Leak Detection AdditiveTracer A (LDTA-A)5maybe added to the fuel in amounts not to exceed 1 mg kg.5.2.5 Other additives are permitted. These include fuelsystem icing inhibitor and special purpose addit
29、ives such asbiocides. The quantities and types must be declared by the fuelsupplier and agreed to by the purchaser. Only additivesapproved by the aircraft certifying authority are permitted inthe fuel on which an aircraft is operated.5.2.5.1 Biocidal additives are available for controlled usage.Wher
30、e such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval statusof the additive and associated conditions must be checked forthe specific aircraft and engines to be operated.5.2.5.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor:(1) Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DIEGME), con-forming to the requirements of Specificati
31、on D4171, Type III,may be used in concentrations of 0.10 % to 0.15 % by volume.(2) Test Method D5006 may be used to determine theconcentration of DIEGME in aviation fuels.3Supporting data (Guidelines for Approval or Disapproval of Additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
32、be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1125.4Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec Inc., InnospecManufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.5Tracer A (LDTA-A) is a registered trademark of Tracer Research Corp., 3755N. Business Center Dr.,
33、Tucson, AZ 85705.D7223 11 (2015)25.3 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X3 ofSpecification D1655 concerning the need to control processingadditives in jet fuel production.6. Detailed Requirements6.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-ments prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test r
34、esults shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine conformance to the specification requirement, a testresult may be rounded to the same number of significant figuresas in Table 1 us
35、ing Practice E29. Where multiple determina-tions are made, the average result, rounded according toPractice E29, shall be used.6.3 If any additives are used, the aviation turbine fuel shallconform to the Table 2 listed requirements.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 The aviation turbine fuel
36、herein specified shall bevisually free of undissolved water, sediment, and suspendedmatter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating or irritating.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Certification Turbine FuelAProperty Jet C-1 ASTM Test MethodBAcidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242Vol frac
37、tion of aromatics, cL/L min/max 8 to 25 D1319Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur,Ccg/g max 0.003 D3227Mass fraction of total sulfur, cg/g max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294 orD5453Distillation temperature, C (F):Initial boiling point, temperature min/max 70/100 (158/212) D2887, D86D5 % recovered, temperatur
38、e min/max 80/110 (176/230) D2887, D86D10 % recovered, temperature min/max 90/120 (194/248) D2887, D86D20 % recovered, temperature min/max 105/140 (221/284) D2887, D86D50 % recovered, temperature min/max 150/195 (302/383) D2887, D86D90 % recovered, temperature min/max 215/255 (419/491) D2887, D86DFin
39、al boiling point, temperature min/max 240/290 (464/554) D2887, D86DFlash Point, C (F) report D56, D3828Density at 15 C, kg/m3750 to 840 D1298, D4052Vapor pressureEat 25 C, kPa (psi) report 3.0 (0.44) to 5.5 (0.80) D6378Fat 38 C, kPa (psi) report 5.6 (0.8) to 8.2 (1.2) D6378Fat 50 C, kPa (psi) min/ma
40、x 10.0 (1.45) to 12.5 (1.82) D6378Fat 100 C, kPa (psi) report 56 (8.1) to 60 (8.7) D6378FFreezing point, C max -35 D2386, D5972GViscosity at 20 C, mm2/sHmax 8.0 D445Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8ID4529, D3338,orD4809One of the following requirements shall be met:(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 2
41、5 D1322(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322Naphthalenes, vol, % max 3.0 D1840Copper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130Thermal stability:(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 C min):Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241JTube deposit less than 3 D3241No Peacock or Abnormal Color DepositsExistent gu
42、m, mg/100 mL max 7 D381Microseparometer,KRating max 1b D3948Without electrical conductivity additive min 85With electrical conductivity additive min 70LubricityL BOCLE WSD, mm max 0.85 D5001LAdditives: see 5.2Electrical conductivity, pS/m required 50 to 600 D2624Other optionalAFor compliance of test
43、 results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.CThe mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test Method D4952.DIf Test Method D2887 is used, use correla
44、tion procedure (Appendix X5) in Test Method D2887 to convert D2887 temperatures to D86 equivalent temperatures. Bothminimums and maximums shall be met.EAbsolute vapor pressure (VPx) is the primary property to be controlled; 2,2 dimethylbutane and toluene, as cited in Section 11 and Note 14 of Test M
45、ethod D6378 08,shall be used as verification fluids. 1.0 kPa = 0.145 psi.FLatest version. Record absolute vapor pressure (VPx).GTest Method D5972 may produce a higher (warmer) result than that from Test Method D2386. In case of dispute, Test Method D2386 shall be the referee method.H1mm2/s=1cSt.IUse
46、 either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute, Test Method D4809shall be used.JTube deposits shall always be reported by the Visual Method.KAt point of manufacture.LLubricity test can be waved with purch
47、asers agreement.D7223 11 (2015)3No substance of known dangerous toxicity under usual condi-tions of handling and use shall be present, except as permittedin this specification.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate pr
48、oce-dures in Practice D4057 to obtain a representative sample fromthe batch of fuel for specification compliance testing. Thisrequirement is met by producing fuel as a discrete batch thentesting it for specification compliance. This requirement is notsatisfied by averaging online analysis results.8.
49、2 A number of jet fuel properties including thermalstability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and othersare very sensitive to trace contamination that can originatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containersrefer to Practice D4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed upon by the seller and the purchaser of the aviationturbine fuel.9.2 A suggested form for reporting inspection data onaviation turbine fuel is given in Specification
