1、Designation: D 7258 09Standard Specification forPolymeric Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7258; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification addresses the use of round and rect-angular cross-section polymeric piles in axial and lateralload-bearing applications, including but not limited
3、 to marine,waterfront, and corrosive environments.1.2 This specification is only applicable to individual poly-meric pile products. Sheet pile and other mechanically con-nected polymeric pile products using inter-locking systems, arenot part of this specification.1.3 The piling products considered h
4、erein are characterizedby the use of polymers, whereby (1) the pile strength orstiffness requires the inclusion of the polymer, or (2) aminimum of fifty percent (50 %) of the weight or volume isderived from the polymer. The type classifications of poly-meric piles described in Section 4 show how the
5、y can bereinforced by composite design for increased stiffness orstrength.1.4 This specification covers polymeric piles fabricatedfrom materials that are virgin, recycled, or both, as long as thefinished product meets all of the criteria specified herein.Diverse types and combinations of inorganic f
6、iller systems arepermitted in the manufacturing of polymeric piling products.Inorganic fillers include such materials as talc, mica, silica,wollastonite, calcium carbonate, etc. Pilings are often placed inservice where they will be subjected to continuous damp or wetexposure conditions. Due to conce
7、rns of water sensitivity andpossible affects on mechanical properties in such serviceconditions, organic fillers, including lignocellulosic materialssuch as those made or derived from wood, wood flour, flaxshive, rice hulls, wheat straw, and combinations thereof, are notpermitted in the manufacturin
8、g of polymeric piling products.1.5 The values are stated in inch-pound units as these arecurrently the most common units used by the constructionindustry.1.6 Polymeric piles under this specification are designedusing design stresses determined in accordance with TestMethods D 6108, D 6109, and D6112
9、 and procedures con-tained within this specification unless otherwise specified.1.7 Although in some instances it will be an importantcomponent of the pile design, frictional properties are currentlybeyond the scope of this document.1.8 Criteria for design are included as part of this specifi-cation
10、 for polymeric piles. Certain Types and sizes of poly-meric piles will be better suited for some applications thanothers. Polymeric piles designed and manufactured under thedifferent Type classifications as defined within this specifica-tion will, as a whole, exhibit a wide-range of mechanicalproper
11、ties. For example, a 10-in. diameter Type II, choppedglass fiber reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pilewill likely have an apparent stiffness much different than a10-in. diameter Type V, glass fiber reinforced composite tubefilled with concrete. Similarly, the ultimate moment capacity ofth
12、ese two example piles will also likely be significantlydifferent from each other. Use of a licensed ProfessionalEngineer is, therefore, highly recommended for designing andselecting polymeric piles in accordance with this specification.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
13、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this specification.2. Referenced Docu
14、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1141 Practice for the Preparation of Substitute OceanWaterD 2344/D 2344M Test Method for Short-Beam Strength ofPolymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their LaminatesD 2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties forGrades of Struc
15、tural LumberD 5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics31This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic Products.Current edition approved Sept. 1,
16、2009. Published September 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved
17、version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6108 Test Method for Compressive Properties of PlasticLumber and ShapesD 6109 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of
18、Unrein-forced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber and Related Prod-uctsD6112 Test Methods for Compressive and Flexural Creepand Creep-Rupture of Plastic Lumber and ShapesD 6341 Test Method for Determination of the Linear Coef-ficient ofThermal Expansion of Plastic Lumber and PlasticLumber Shapes Between 3
19、0 and 140F 34.4 and 60CD 6662 Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic LumberDecking BoardsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Materials2.2 Other Documents:ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructures4AASHTO GSDPB-1 Standard Specification for Design ofPe
20、destrian Bridges5AASHTO HB-13 Standard Specification for HighwayBridges5Department of Defense Unified Facility Criteria UFC 4-152-01 Design: Piers and Wharves, Naval Facilities Engineer-ing Command, Washington DC3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 axial load-bearing pile, na vertical or batteredmemb
21、er driven into the ground to help support a load of anystructure bearing upon it. Axial load-bearing piles are com-monly divided into two kinds; point-bearing (end-bearing) andfriction. A point-bearing pile derives practically all its supportfrom the rock or soils near the point and much less fromco
22、ntact with soil along the pile shaft. A friction pile derives itssupport principally from the soil along the pile shaft throughthe development of shearing resistance between the soil and thepile.3.1.2 lateral load-bearing pile, na vertical or batteredmember driven into the ground to resist lateral l
23、oads imposedupon it or a structure. A common application for a lateralload-bearing pile is to absorb lateral forces at points of impactand dissipate them horizontally into a structure and/or soilstratum. A fender pile is an example of a lateral load-bearingpile.3.1.3 combined axial and lateral load-
24、bearing pile, navertical or battered member driven into the ground to resistboth axial and lateral loads or applied external forces imposedupon it. Combined axial and lateral load-bearing piles arecommonly divided into two kinds; point-bearing (end-bearing)and friction. A point-bearing pile derives
25、practically all itssupport from the rock or soils near the point and much lessfrom contact with soil along the pile shaft. A friction pilederives its support principally from the soil along the pile shaftthrough the development of shearing resistance between thesoil and the pile.3.2 Additional defin
26、itions of terms applying to this specifi-cation appear in Terminology D 883 and Guide D 5033.4. Classification4.1 Polymeric Piles contained in this specification are clas-sified as following six (6) types:4.1.1 Type IPolymeric only.4.1.2 Type IIPolymeric with reinforcement in the form ofchopped, mil
27、led or continuous fiber or mineral.4.1.3 Type IIIPolymeric with reinforcement in the form ofmetallic bars, cages, or shapes.4.1.4 Type IVPolymeric with reinforcement in the form ofnon-metallic bars or cages.4.1.5 Type VPolymeric composite tube with a concretecore.4.1.6 Type VIAny other polymeric pil
28、ing meeting therequirements in 1.3 and not otherwise described by Types Ithrough V above.5. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser shall state whether this specification is tobe used, select the preferred options permitted herein, andinclude the following information in the invitation to bid andpurch
29、ase order:5.1.1 Title, number and date of this specification,5.1.2 Type and composition,5.1.3 Percent recycled content (if requested),5.1.4 Flame spread index, if applicable,5.1.5 Color,5.1.6 Quantity in linear feet (meters), and minimum lengthwithout splices,5.1.7 Cross-sectional dimensions,5.1.8 P
30、erformance requirements including flexural strength,axial strength, and stiffness,5.1.9 Required accessories including pile tips, splices anddriving caps,5.1.10 Special handling, packing, or shipping requirements,5.1.11 Marking, if other than specified, and5.1.12 Shop drawings and submittals.6. Tole
31、rances6.1 Sizes:6.1.1 Circular Piles:6.1.1.1 Maximum deviation from a circular cross sectionshall be:b 5 0.98a (1)where:2a = major oval diameter, and2b = minor oval diameter.(1) For example, for 13 in. (330 mm) major diameter pile,maximum allowable difference between major and minordiameter would be
32、 0.26 in. (7 mm).6.1.1.2 DiameterTolerance against specified diameter =63%.6.1.2 Rectangular Piles:4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.5Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficial
33、s (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.D72580926.1.2.1 Squareness of PilesMeasurements of the twoopposing diagonals shall not differ by more than 3 %, calcu-lated with the smaller diagonal denominator.6.1.2.2 Dimensions shall not vary from sp
34、ecified dimensionby more than 3 %.6.1.3 Cross-SectionAll piles, regardless of cross sectionalshape shall remain consistent in cross-sectional area along thelength of the pile, except that a tolerance of 66 % is permittedagainst the nominal or specified area at any location along thelength of pile.6.
35、1.4 Each pile shall be measured at a minimum of threelocations at quarter points along its length, prior to shipment, toconfirm compliance with this section.6.1.5 Pile head tolerance from the plane perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis of the pile shall be14 in. (6 mm) in 12 in. (305mm) but not more
36、 than12 in. over the whole pile length (12mm).7. Lengths7.1 All piles shall be furnished in lengths specified, exceptthat tolerances shall be plus 1 ft (0.3 m), minus 0 in. (0 mm)corrected to 73F, and7.2 Piles 41 ft or longerplus 2 ft (0.6 m), minus 0 in (0mm) corrected to 73F.8. Straightness8.1 A s
37、traight line from the center of the head to the centerof the tip shall lie entirely within the body of the pile when thepile is vertically suspended from the head.8.2 Lateral load-bearing piles shall be free of short crooksthat deviate more than 212 in. (64 mm) from straightness in any20 ft (1.5 m)
38、length. See Fig. 1.8.3 Axial load-bearing piles shall have no more than 1 in.(24 mm) bow or bend in 20 ft (6.5 m) of length.8.4 Straightness as defined in 8.2 and 8.3 shall be inter-preted as the as-built straightness.9. Placement of Reinforcement for Pile Types III and IVonly9.1 Longitudinal reinfo
39、rcement shall remain within 5 % ofthe specified radial location as measured from centroid of thecross-section of the pile.9.2 Longitudinal reinforcement shall not twist more than 5over any 20 ft (6.1 m) section of the pile.10. Surface Condition10.1 The pile surface will typically exhibit some roughn
40、essor corrugations due to manufacturing processes. However, thepiles shall not have depressions or projections greater than12in. (13 mm) and the total surface area of any such depressionsor projections shall not be greater than 9 in.2(58 cm2).10.2 The surface of the pile shall contain no cracks or s
41、plits,in any orientation.11. Performance Requirements11.1 The cross-sectional dimensions of piles will be deter-mined on the basis of the ability to perform satisfactorily underthe physical loading and environmental conditions imposed aswell as the energy absorption properties desired. Testingmethod
42、s and procedures for analysis of results to defineallowable values for the design of plastic piles are given below.11.2 Load CombinationsPolymeric piles subject to mul-tiple load types shall be checked for all applicable loadcombinations. Load factors and load reductions shall bedetermined in accord
43、ance with the applicable code or ASCE 7.Where allowed by the applicable code or ASCE 7, allowablestress increases are permitted. Each load type in combinationshall be divided by the load duration factor corresponding tothe load types duration. See A2.1 for the procedure todetermine the load duration
44、 factor. A sample calculation of theload duration factor is provided in Appendix X1.NOTE 2Applicable codes vary depending upon location and usage.Relevant codes may include, but are not limited to, American Associationof State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) HB-13, Stan-dard Specificat
45、ion for Highway Bridges, AASHTO GSDPB-1, StandardSpecification for Design of Pedestrian Bridges, or Department of DefenseUnified Facility Criteria (UFC) 4-152-01 Design: Piers and Wharves.11.3 Design Strength:11.3.1 All piles shall be designed such that for all loadcombinations:fa#Fn8 3 CD(2)where:f
46、a= total applied stress in each combination (psi),Fn8 = allowable stress as calculated in 11.7.3, 11.8.2,11.9.2, 11.9.3,or11.12.2 (psi), andCD= Load Duration Factor for the material and consideredload duration. Derivation of CDis explained inAnnex A2.NOTE 3Results from testing of plastic lumber deck
47、ing boards aftereleven years of outdoor exposure have shown that the boards haddiscolored and faded, but that both strength and stiffness were basicallyunchanged. Similar results are expected with polymeric piles made withsimilar materials. Introduction of carbon black and other additives cansignifi
48、cantly reduce ultraviolet light degradation of polymers. Furtherdetails of this testing and results are given inAppendix X3 in SpecificationD 6662.11.4 Interpolation of Mechanical Properties:11.4.1 Interpolation of mechanical properties of a polymericpile from other pile test data is permitted if th
49、e test resultsverify a logical progression of properties and the followingconditions are met:11.4.1.1 All specimens have the same and material compo-sition.11.4.1.2 Three or more tests are performed on specimenswith varying width or diameter.11.4.1.3 At least one test is performed on specimens with awidth or diameter greater than that of the product whoseproperties are being interpolated.11.4.1.4 At least one test is performed on specimens with awidth or diameter less than that of the product whose propertiesare being interpolated.11.4.1.5 For rectangul
