1、Designation: D7547 13 An American National StandardStandard Specification forHydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications forpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is inte
3、ndedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviationgasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require anarrower, ran
4、ge of characteristics than is shown by thisspecification.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at thetime and place of delivery.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement
5、are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
6、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D873 T
7、est Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2386 Test Method for Freezing Poin
8、t of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3237 Test Method for Lead
9、 in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice
10、 for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimati
11、on of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInh
12、ibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)3D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystems1This specification is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7547 12. DOI:1
14、0.1520/D7547-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical
15、 standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance wit
16、h Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 unleaded aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessingspecific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered byreciprocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not inten-tionally added for the purpose of enhancing octane perfor-mance.3.1.1.1 Discus
17、sionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.4. Classification4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,known as: Grade UL 91.NOTE 1Grade UL 91 is based on
18、 its octane number as measured byTest Method D2700 motor method.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci-fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refinedhydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline,or blends, thereof, with syn
19、thetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both.5.2 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of un-leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials. Thequantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.Additives added a
20、fter the point of manufacture shall also bedeclared.5.2.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4
21、-methylphenol.5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25% maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphen
22、ols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.5.2.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used:5
23、.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratingsbelo
24、w minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).45.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII) may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %when required by the aircraft owner/operator.5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used
25、to determine theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4505in con-centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximumcumu
26、lative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.55.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC=24g/m3DCI-6A MAC=15g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5
27、403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m36. Detailed Requirements6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test result
28、s shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requirement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 usi
29、ng Practice E29. Where multipledeterminations are made, the average result, rounded accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter. T
30、he odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity underusual conditions of handling and use shall be present.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Prac
31、tice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following PracticeD4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refineryspecification compliance testing shall be performed on asample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Internation
32、al Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.5Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., Innospec Manu-facturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.D7547 1328.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties,including cop
33、per corrosion, electrical conductivity, and othersare very sensitive to trace contamination which can originatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the requirements of this specificatio
34、n shall be mutuallyagreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleadedaviation gasoline.10. Test Methods10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods:10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)Test Method D2700.10.1.2 DensityTest Met
35、hods D1298 or D4052.10.1.3 DistillationTest Method D86.10.1.4 Vapor PressureTest Methods D323, D5190,orD5191.10.1.5 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.10.1.6 SulfurTest Method D2622.10.1.7 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4529 orD3338.10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Method D130,2htest at 100C in
36、 bomb.10.1.9 Potential GumTest Method D873 except that wher-ever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time) insert thenumber 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in thisspecification.10.1.10 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.10.1.11 Electrical ConductivityTest Method D2624.10.1.12 Lead
37、 ContentTest Method D3237 and D3341.11. Keywords11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;unleaded aviation gasolineTABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation GasolineAOctane Ratings Grade 91 ASTM Test MethodBKnock value, Motor Octane NumberCmin 91.0 D2700Density at 15C, kg/m3
38、Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sum of 10% + 50% evaporatedtemperatures, Cmin 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volume % max
39、 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure 38C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323, D5190,orD5191DFreezing point, C max 58ED2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgFmin 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)GD873Potential gum, mg/
40、100 mL max 6Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450HD2624Lead Content, g/L (g/U.S. gal) max 0.013 (0.05) D3237 or D3341AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Se
41、ction 10.CKnock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.DTest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.EIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58C.FFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D452
42、9 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.GIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum co
43、ntent shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg/L.HApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at
44、point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D7547 133APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINEX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture ofrelatively volatile hy
45、drocarbons that vary widely in theirphysical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraftimpose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical envi-ronments. The properties of unleaded aviation gasoline (TableX1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engineperformance over an extre
46、mely wide range of conditions.X1.1.2 The ASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 arequality limits established on the basis of the broad experienceand close cooperation of producers of unleaded aviationgasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of bothcommodities. The values given are in
47、tended to define unleadedaviation gasoline suitable for most types of spark-ignitionaviation engines; however, certain equipment or conditions ofuse may require fuels having other characteristics.X1.1.3 Specifications covering antiknock quality defines thegrade of unleaded aviation gasoline. The oth
48、er requirementseither prescribe the proper balance of properties to ensuresatisfactory engine performance or limit components of unde-sirable nature to concentrations so low that they will not havean adverse effect on engine performance.X1.2 Combustion Characteristics (Antiknock Quality andAntiknock
49、 Compound Identification)X1.2.1 The fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine will, under certain conditions, ignite spontane-ously in localized areas instead of progressing from the spark.This may cause a detonation or knock, usually inaudible inaircraft engines. This knock, if permitted to continue for morethan brief periods, may result in serious loss of power anddamage to, or destruction of, the aircraft engine. Whenunleaded aviation gasoline is used in other types of aviationengines, for example, in certain turbine
