1、Designation: D7577 12Standard Test Method forDetermining the Accelerated Iron Corrosion Rating ofDenatured Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Fuel Blends1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the ability of inhibited anduninhibited Ethanol Fuel Blends
3、defined by SpecificationD5798 and Denatured Fuel Ethanol defined by SpecificationD4806 to resist corrosion of iron should water become mixedwith the fuel, using an accelerated laboratory test method.Corrosion ratings are reported based on a visual, numberedrating scale.1.2 The values stated in SI un
4、its are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices a
5、nd determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Sections 7 and 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A29/A29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy,Hot-Wrought, General Requirements forA108 Specification for Steel Bar, Ca
6、rbon and Alloy, Cold-FinishedD665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics ofInhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts,
7、 and LubricantsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test M
8、ethodsE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D4175.3.1.2 Fuel C, na volumetric mixture of 50 volume percentreference fuel grade toluene and
9、50 volume percent referencefuel grade isooctane.3.1.2.1 DiscussionSpecifications for reference fuel gradetoluene and reference fuel grade isooctane can be found in TestMethod D2699.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 HDPE, nhigh density polyethylene3.2.2 PTFE, nPolytetrafluoroethylene4. Summary of Test Method4.
10、1 A polished steel test rod is immersed in a mixture of thetest sample and water at a ratio of 10 parts fuel sample to 1 partwater and held at a temperature of 37 to 39C (98 to 102F) for1h.4.2 At the end of 1 h, the test rod is removed, rinsed andrated according to a numeric corrosion rating scale.5
11、. Significance and Use5.1 This test is designed to be used as a rapid measure of theoverall relative corrosivity of Ethanol Fuel Blends (Specifica-tion D5798) and Denatured Fuel Ethanol (SpecificationD4806) to iron (steel).5.2 The test can be used to compare corrosion inhibitordosage levels and effe
12、ctiveness of various corrosion inhibitorsas they pertain to protecting iron (steel) materials fromcorrosion.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralTwo test apparatus have been evaluated andfound to give comparable results.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lub
13、ricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2012. Published January 2013. DOI: 10.1520/D7577-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at s
14、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.1 Large sample volume (300 mL) apparatus specifie
15、d inTest Method D665.6.1.2 Small sample volume (30 75 mL) apparatus speci-fied in 6.2.6.2 Small Volume Test Apparatus (Fig. 1).6.2.1 Compared to Test Method D665, the small volume testapparatus is lower in cost and allows for use of smallervolumes of samples to improve the safety of the measurement.
16、Different apparatus and components that achieve the sameresults may be used.6.2.2 Hot plate/stir plate or water bath capable of maintain-ing a temperature of 37 to 39C (98 to 102F) and stirring at arate of 900 6 100 r/min.6.2.3 150 - 200 mL borosilicate glass beakers to hold waterto serve as a water
17、 bath.6.2.4 50 - 150 mL borosilicate, flat bottom, glass test jar tohold test sample.6.2.5 Jar covers made of HDPE or other material compatiblewith ethanol, water and gasoline with three holes:6.2.5.1 A hole to suspend the steel test rod into the testsample,6.2.5.2 A hole for the thermometer,6.2.5.3
18、 A hole for inserting a syringe needle to add water tothe test sample.6.2.6 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) coated magnetic stirbar.6.2.7 The small volume test apparatus shall be designed sothat at least 50% of the test rod surface is below the surface ofthe test material.6.3 Grinding and sanding app
19、aratus, capable of rotating thesteel test rod at 1700 to 1800 r/min for manual sanding.6.4 Timing device, capable of taking readings with a dis-crimination of 1 min or better.6.5 Analytical balance, at least 100 g capacity, capable ofweighing accurately to at least 0.001 g.6.6 Temperature measuring
20、device, Any thermometer with atemperature range that includes 37 to 39C (89 to 102F), withFIG. 1 Recommended Small Volume Test ApparatusD7577 122one degree graduation subdivisions and conforming to therequirements prescribed in Specification E2251. Alternatively,calibrated thermcouples may be used.7
21、. Reagents and Materials7.1 WaterReferences to water shall be understood to meanreagent water of grade Specification D1193 Type II or better.7.2 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the speci
22、fications of the commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7
23、.2.1 Acetic acid(WarningCorrosive. Health hazard.)7.2.2 Acetone(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.3 Formic acid(WarningCorrosive. Health hazard.)7.2.4 Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane)(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.5 Reagent alcohol(WarningFlammable. Healthhazard.)containing 90 volume % e
24、thanol, 5 volume %isopropanol, 5 volume % methanol and 0.1 volume % water.NOTE 1The specified reagent alcohol must be used to achieveequivalent results and ratings to that reported in this test method.7.2.6 Sodium chloride.7.2.7 Toluene(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.2.8 Fuel CA mixture of 50 vo
25、lume percent toluene and50 volume percent isooctane.7.3 Polishing Material4Abrasive cloth, silicon carbide oraluminum oxide, 100 grit.7.4 Pipette3 to 30 mL capacity, dependent on the amountof water required for a ratio of 10 to 1 test sample to water.7.5 Graduated cylinder50 to 300 mL capacity, depe
26、ndenton the test apparatus, with divisions of5%orbetter of the totalvolume. For example, 50 mL sample volume should bemeasured using a graduated cylinder with graduations of 2.5mL or less.7.6 Steel Test Rods:7.6.1 The steel test rod, when new, shall be 12.7 mm (0.5in.) in diameter and approximately
27、68 mm (21116 in.) in lengthexclusive of the threaded portion that screws into the PTFEholder and shall be tapered at one end as shown in Fig. 2.7.6.2 The steel test rods shall be made of steel conformingto UNS Grade G10180 (AISI 1018) per Specification A108(chemistry listed in Specification A29/A29M
28、).7.6.3 Discard reused rods when the diameter is reduced to9.5 mm (0.375 in.).7.7 PTFE holders for steel test rodsThe PTFE holderscrews onto the threaded end of the steel test rod.8. Hazards8.1 PhysicalCare should be taken when manually polish-ing the steel test rods to avoid injury to hands. This t
29、est methodalso uses aggressive organic solvents; safety glasses should beworn at all times.8.2 ChemicalFlammable, toxic and corrosive chemicalsare used in this test procedure. It is the responsibility of theuser to follow appropriate handling and storage procedures.8.2.1 The test shall be run in a w
30、ell-ventilated space or in afume hood to avoid build up and exposure to fuel vapors. Testjar covers and secondary spill containers (water bath) are usedto reduce the concentration of vapors and contain fuel spills.9. Standard Preparation9.1 Standards 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Table 1 shall be preparedand
31、tested when the test method is initially set-up in thelaboratory or to demonstrate equivalency of test equipment.9.2 It is required that one or more of the standards beprepared and tested in the following instances:9.2.1 When new steel test rods are received.9.2.2 When new operators are being traine
32、d on this proce-dure.9.3 Testing of the standards in Table 1 provide the operatorand individual laboratory with visual examples of the ratingscale.9.4 Standards are prepared by mixing 84 volume % reagentalcohol, 15 volume % Fuel C and 1 volume % water containingvarious concentrations of sodium chlor
33、ide, formic acid andacetic acid. The final concentrations of chloride ion, formic3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Lab
34、oratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.4The sole source of supply of the abrasive cloth known to the committee at thistime is available as Part No. 8230A76 from McMaster-Carr
35、Supply Co., PO Box4355, Chicago, IL, 60680-4355. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 2 Dimensions o
36、f New Steel Test RodD7577 123acid and acetic acid are shown in Table 1. Standard concen-trations shall be prepared within 610 % of the stated values inTable 1.9.5 Example standard preparations are shown in Table 2.Water or water solutions containing sodium chloride, formicacid and acetic acid are ad
37、ded to a 500 mL volumetric flaskcontaining approximately 300 mL of reagent alcohol. Afterstirring to mix, 75 mL of Fuel C is added and reagent alcoholis added to reach the 500 mL volume mark on the flask. Thesolutions are stirred until mixed adequately.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Heat the water
38、 bath to a temperature of 37 to 39C (98to 102F).11. Preparation of Corrosion Test Rod11.1 It is very important that clean, oil-free gloves are used,or similar precautions are taken, to avoid contamination of thetest rod and abrasive cloth with fingerprints or other oils.11.2 For new test rods, thoro
39、ughly clean the surfacessequentially with acetone, toluene and isooctane to remove oilsand other contamination before sanding the surface.11.3 Mount the test rod in the chuck of the grinding andsanding apparatus.11.4 Rotate the test rod at a speed of 17001800 r/min whilesanding the surface with a st
40、rip of the abrasive cloth.11.4.1 Preliminary SandingHold the 100-grit abrasivecloth strip perpendicular to the long-axis of the test rod so thatcircular grooves are formed all along the length of the rod.Move the cloth along the axis of the test rod. All rust andirregularities must be removed.11.4.2
41、 Surface MarkingRub a new piece of abrasive clothlongitudinally over the static test rod until the entire surfaceshows visible scratches.11.4.3 Final SandingUsing a new piece of abrasive cloth,hold the 100-grit abrasive cloth strip perpendicular to thelong-axis of the test rod so that circular groov
42、es are formed allalong the length of the rod. Move the cloth along the axis untilall visible surface scratches from 11.4.2 have been removed.11.5 Using a clean cloth or wipe, remove the test-rod fromthe chuck. Do not tough the surfaces with fingers.11.6 Attach the PTFE rod holder.11.7 Wipe the rod w
43、ith a clean, lintless cloth or tissue.11.8 Rinse the rod with acetone.11.9 Store cleaned and sanded test rods in isooctane untiluse. Time between sanding and use should not exceed 1 h whenstored in isooctane and should not exceed 5 min when notstored in isooctane.12. Procedure12.1 Prepare the corros
44、ion test-rod and test apparatus inaccordance with Sections 10 and 11.12.2 Transfer the test sample or standard into the test jarusing a graduated cylinder.12.2.1 Use 300 mL of test sample or standard for the largesample volume apparatus specified in Test Method D665.12.2.2 Use 30 75 mL of test sampl
45、e or standard for thesmall sample volume apparatus specified in 6.2.12.3 Place the stir bar or other stirring tool into the test jarand cover with the jar cover.12.4 It is very important that clean, oil-free gloves are used,or similar precautions are taken, to avoid contamination of thetest rod with
46、 fingerprints or other oils.12.5 Insert the previously polished corrosion test rod withits holder down into the jar cover until at least half of the rodis immersed in the test sample or standard. The test rod shallnot touch the bottom of the jar.12.5.1 Do not let the clean test rod rub against the j
47、ar coverif a plastic cover is used. Transfer of material to the test rod canaffect test results.12.6 Insert the thermometer (6.6) into the jar cover until thetip is immersed in the test sample or standard.12.7 Place the test-jar assembly containing the stirring tool,test sample or standard, test rod
48、 and thermometer (if used) intothe pre-heated heating bath.12.8 Start stirring the sample or standard at a rate sufficientto uniformly heat the solution.12.9 When the sample or standard temperature reaches 37 to39C (98 to 102F), inject water into the test sample orstandard using a syringe.NOTE 2The
49、addition of the water does not cause phase separation;because of the ethanol matrix of the test fuels covered in this scope of thismethod, the water is completely soluble in the test samples.12.9.1 Aratio of ten parts test sample or standard to one partwater shall be used. For example, 75 mL of test sample orstandard is placed into a 150 mL test jar and 7.5 mL of wateris added.12.9.2 No more than 10 min shall pass between heating thesample or standard to temperature and adding the water.12.10 Set the stirring rate to 900 6 100 r/min.12
