1、Designation: D7659 10 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forStrategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids forWorker Protection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides criteria to be used in definingstrategies for sampling for metals and metal
3、loids on surfacesfor workplace health and safety monitoring or evaluation.1.2 Guidance provided by this standard is intended forsampling of metals and metalloids on surfaces for subsequentanalysis using methods such as atomic spectrometry, massspectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, or molecular fluoresce
4、nce.Guidance for evaluation of data after sample analysis isincluded.1.3 Sampling for volatile organometallic species (forexample, trimethyl tin) is not within the scope of this guide.1.4 Sampling to determine levels of metals or metalloids onthe skin is not within the scope of this guide.1.5 Sampli
5、ng for airborne particulate matter is not withinthe scope of this guide. Guide E1370 provides information onair sampling strategies.1.6 Where surface sampling is prescribed by law orregulation, this guide is not intended to take the place of anyrequirements that may be specified in such law or regul
6、ation.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
7、h appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D2
8、2D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD6399 Guide for Selecting Instruments and Methods forMeasuring Air Quality in Aircraft CabinsD6620 Practice for Asbestos Detection Limit Based onCountsD6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for
9、 Subsequent Determi-nation of MetalsD7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by InductivelyCoupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)D7144 Practice for Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for Subsequent Metals Determinati
10、onD7202 Test Method for Determination of Beryllium in theWorkplace by Extraction and Optical Fluorescence Detec-tionD7296 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent De-termination of Beryllium and CompoundsD7439 Test Method for Determination of Elem
11、ents in Air-borne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometryD7440 Practice for Characterizing Uncertainty in Air Qual-ity MeasurementsE1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contaminationby Tape LiftE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace Protectio
12、nE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry1This guide
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7659 10. DOI:10.1520/D7
14、659-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
15、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-trometry (GFAAS) TechniquesE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples UsingWipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi-nationE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials
16、 for Leadin Surface DustE2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following LeadHazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in OtherChild-Occupied Facilities2.2 ISO and European Standards:3EN 1540 Workplace AtmospheresTerminology FlasksISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competenceof Testin
17、g and Calibration LaboratoriesISO TR 14294 Workplace AtmospheresMeasurement ofdermal exposurePrinciples and methods2.3 Other Documents:440 CFR 745 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Cer-tain Residential Structures3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to occupational healthand saf
18、ety, see Terminology E1542.3.2 For definitions of terms relating to sampling and analy-sis of atmospheres, see Terminology D1356.3.3 Definitions:3.3.1 analytedesignated chemical species to be measuredby a monitor or to be identified and quantified by an analyzer.D63993.3.2 analytical sensitivityabil
19、ity of an analytical methodto detect small amounts of, or small changes in the amount of,the analyte of interest. (1)53.3.3 analytical specificityability of an analytical methodto respond uniquely to the analyte of interest; that is, its abilityto measure accurately an analyte, both qualitatively an
20、dquantitatively. (1)3.3.3.1 DiscussionImportant factors in determining ana-lytical specificity include freedom from interference by othercomponents, and good precision and accuracy.3.3.4 confidence intervalrange of values that has a speci-fied probability of including the true value of the parameter
21、(s)of an underlying distribution. (2)3.3.5 data quality objectives (DQOs)qualitative and quan-titative statements of the overall level of uncertainty that adecision maker is willing to accept in results or decisionsderived from environmental data. D63993.3.5.1 DiscussionMinimum DQOs include method d
22、e-tection limit, precision, and bias.3.3.6 decision valuea numerical value used as a boundaryin a statistical test to decide between the null hypothesis andthe alternative hypothesis. D66203.3.7 descriptive statisticssimple metrics of a sampledistributions characteristics such as central tendency (f
23、orexample, mean, median) and dispersion (for example, standarddeviation, variance, range). (2)3.3.7.1 DiscussionAdditional examples are the number ofsamples and the actual fraction of samples above a decisionvalue or a limit value.3.3.8 inferential statisticsparameters used to make esti-mates about
24、a distribution and underlying population. (2)3.3.9 limit valuereference figure for the concentration of achemical or biological agent. EN 15403.3.9.1 DiscussionAs used in this guide, examples of limitvalues include occupational exposure limits established byregulation, or Threshold Limit Values esta
25、blished by theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(3). This should not be confused with analytical limits, such asmethod detection limit, as defined in Terminology D1356.3.3.10 non-parametric statistical inferenceevaluation of adata set using statistical procedures whose validit
26、y do notdepend on assuming a specified underlying distribution.3.3.11 parametric statistical inferenceevaluation of a dataset based on assuming a specified underlying statistical model,such as normal or lognormal distributions.3.3.12 professional judgmentapplication and appropriateuse of knowledge g
27、ained from formal education, experience,experimentation, inference, and analogy. The capacity of anexperienced professional to draw correct inferences fromincomplete quantitative data, frequently on the basis ofobservations, analogy, and intuition. (2)3.3.13 reporting limitvalue at which reported da
28、ta arecensored.3.3.13.1 DiscussionValues below the reporting limit aretypically reported as being less than the reporting limit, such as“RL” or are reported at the reporting limit with a qualifier,such as “RL (U)”. (4)3.3.14 representative surfacea surface that is taken to betypical of surface(s) at
29、 a given sampling location.3.3.14.1 DiscussionA representative surface may be es-tablished as a result of directed sampling (see 7.3.1) or randomsampling (see 7.3.2). Thus, “representative” should not beconfused with “random.”3.3.15 sampling locationa specific area within a samplingsite that is subj
30、ected to sample collection. E1728/D69663.3.15.1 DiscussionMultiple sampling locations are com-monly designated for a single sampling site (see 3.3.16).3.3.16 sampling sitea local geographic area that containsthe sampling locations (see 3.3.16). E1728/D69663.3.16.1 DiscussionA sampling site is genera
31、lly limited toan area that is easily covered by walking.3.3.17 stratified samplingsampling in which the popula-tion to be sampled is first divided into mutually exclusive3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Av
32、ailable from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.D7659 10 (2015)2subsets or strata, and indepen
33、dent samples taken within eachstratum. E14023.3.18 Type I errorselection, based on a statistical test, ofthe alternative hypothesis over the null hypothesis when thenull hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false positive outcome of astatistical test. D66203.3.19 Type II errorselection, based on a statis
34、tical test, ofthe null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis when thealternative hypothesis is, in fact, true; a false negative outcomeof a statistical test. D66203.3.20 upper tolerance limit (UTL) upper confidencelimit (with specified confidence level) for a percentile of adistribution. (2)3.3
35、.20.1 DiscussionThe UTL is the value below which aspecified fraction of the population will be found, with aspecified level of confidence. For example, the UTL95 %, 95 %isthe value for which one would have 95 % confidence that 95 %of the population is below the UTL.3.3.21 wipe samplesample collected
36、 by wiping a repre-sentative surface of known area, as determined by PracticeE1728, or equivalent method, with an acceptable wipe materialas defined in Practice E1792. 40 CFR 745.63, (5)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes approaches which can be used todetermine surface sampling strategi
37、es before any actual surfacesampling occurs. The strategy selection process needs toconsider a number of factors, including, but not limited to,purpose for sampling, fitness of the sampling strategy for thatpurpose, data quality objectives and how the data will be used,ability to execute the selecte
38、d strategy, and ability of theanalytical laboratory (fixed-site or in-field) to analyze thesamples once they are collected.4.2 For the purposes of sampling, and for the materialssampled, surface sampling strategies are matters of choice.Workplace sampling may be performed for single or multiplepurpo
39、ses. Conflicts may arise when a single sampling strategyis expected to satisfy multiple purposes.4.2.1 Limitations of cost, space, power requirements,equipment, personnel, and analytical methods need to beconsidered to arrive at an optimum strategy for each purpose.4.2.2 A strategy intended to satis
40、fy multiple purposes willtypically be a compromise among several alternatives, and willtypically not be optimal for any one purpose.4.2.3 The purpose or purposes for sampling should beexplicitly stated before a sampling strategy is selected. Goodpractice, regulatory and legal requirements, cost of t
41、he sam-pling program, and the usefulness of the results may bemarkedly different for different purposes of sampling.4.3 This guide is intended for those who are preparing toevaluate a workplace environment by collecting samples ofmetals or metalloids on surfaces, or who wish to obtain anunderstandin
42、g of what information can be obtained by suchsampling.4.4 This guide cannot take the place of sound professionaljudgment in development and execution of any samplingstrategy. In most instances, a strategy based on a standardpractice or method will need to be adjusted due to conditionsencountered in
43、the field. Documentation of any professionaljudgments applied to development or execution of a samplingstrategy is essential.4.5 This guide should not be used as a stand-alone docu-ment to evaluate any given contaminant or chemical species.4.6 The surface sampling techniques described in this guidea
44、re intended for the determination of metals and metalloids onsurfaces, or for the determination of loadings of embeddedmetallic residues in surface coverings. These techniques maynot accurately reflect the transferability or bioavailability ofsuch residues by way of dermal contact or inhalation ofre
45、suspended respirable dust.5. Surface SamplingGeneral5.1 Surface sampling results are one of many sources ofinformation about health and safety conditions in a workplace.Information obtained from surface sampling should not be usedto the exclusion of other information. Additional sources ofinformatio
46、n may, as applicable, include air sampling, bioassayand biomonitoring results, clinical observations, quality andprocess control data, records of facility operations, and mate-rial balance studies.5.2 Agreement among separately obtained sources of infor-mation should increase confidence in the inter
47、pretation ofworkplace hazard assessments. Disagreement should be causefor concern, and should result in efforts to determine why thedisagreement occurred.5.3 The factors discussed in Sections 6 through 10 of thisguide are interdependent and may need to be applied in aniterative fashion to develop an
48、 optimum strategy.6. Purposes for Surface Sampling6.1 General ConsiderationsPurposes for surface samplingare based on the following general considerations:6.1.1 Drivers for sampling; that is, the “why” for perform-ing the sampling campaign. Generally, the “why” should fallinto one of the following t
49、hree areas:6.1.1.1 Health impact, or evaluation of the potential healthrisk from the contaminant or chemical species.6.1.1.2 Hazard management, or evaluation of the source ofthe contaminant or chemical species, extent of exposure area,and effectiveness of controls.6.1.1.3 Hazard compliance, or evaluation of complianceagainst regulations or policies.6.1.2 Goals for the sampling campaign, which are based onhow the data will be used.6.1.3 Data quality objectives, which define how well thecollection and analysis of the samples must be performed.6.
