1、Designation: D8169/D8169M 18Standard Test Methods forDeep Foundations Under Bi-Directional Static AxialCompressive Load1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8169/D8169M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure theaxial displacement of a single, deep foundation
3、element whenloaded in bi-directional static axial compression using anembedded bi-directional jack assembly. These methods applyto all deep foundations, referred to herein as “piles,” whichfunction in a manner similar to driven piles, cast in place piles,or barrettes, regardless of their method of i
4、nstallation. The testresults may not represent the long-term performance of a deepfoundation.1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for test-ing deep foundations under bi-directional static axial compres-sive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared bya qualified engineer may
5、 provide additional requirements andprocedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particulartest program. The engineer in charge of the foundation design,referred to herein as the engineer, shall approve any deviations,deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.1.3 This stand
6、ard provides the following test procedures:Procedure A Quick Test 9.2.1Procedure B Extended Test(optional)9.2.21.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional”may produce different test results and may be used only whenapproved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates amandatory provisio
7、n, and the word “should” indicates arecommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentencesindicate mandatory provisions.1.5 The engineer may use the results obtained from the testprocedures in this standard to predict the actual performanceand adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. S
8、eeAppendix X1 for comments regarding some of the factorsinfluencing the interpretation of test results.1.6 A qualified engineer (specialty engineer, not to beconfused with the foundation engineer as defined above) shalldesign and approve the load test configuration and test proce-dures. The text of
9、this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard. This standard also includesillustrations and appendixes intended only for explanatory oradvisory us
10、e.1.7 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (presented in brackets) are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard. The values stated in each system may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other. Combining values from the two system
11、smay result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting oftest results in units other than SI shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this test method.1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit
12、of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F=ma) calculations are involved.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.9.1 The procedures used
13、 to specify how data are collected,recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, s
14、pecial purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analysismethods for e
15、ngineering design.1.10 This standard offers an organized collection of infor-mation or a series of options and does not recommend aspecific course of action. This document cannot replace edu-cation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this gui
16、de may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibili
17、ty of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8169_D8169M-18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in acc
18、ordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1nor should this document be ap
19、plied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
20、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles o
21、n standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock
22、, and ContainedFluidsD1143/D1143M Test Methods for Deep Foundations UnderStatic Axial Compressive LoadD3689/D3689M Test Methods for Deep Foundations UnderStatic Axial Tensile LoadD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engin
23、eering Design and ConstructionD5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testingof Deep FoundationsD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete DeepFoundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole TestingD7949 Test Methods for Thermal I
24、ntegrity Profiling ofConcrete Deep Foundations2.2 ASME Standards:3ASME B30.1 JacksASME B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
25、Standard:3.2.1 axial compressive capacity, nthe maximum axialcompressive load that a deep foundation can transfer to the soiland rock around it at an acceptable axial movement.3.2.2 bi-directional jack, na specialized hydraulic jackthat has a repeatable, linear load-pressure calibration over itsexpa
26、nsion range.3.2.3 bi-directional axial compressive load test, nan axialcompressive load test performed on a deep foundation elementby pressurizing an embedded jack assembly (see definitionbelow), so that the foundation section above the jack assemblymoves upwards and the foundation section below the
27、 jackassembly moves downwards, each section providing reactionfrom which to load the other.3.2.4 cast in-place pile, na deep foundation element madeof cement grout or concrete and constructed in its finallocation, e.g., drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger castpiles, pressure-injected footin
28、gs, etc.3.2.5 deep foundation, na relatively slender structuralelement that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soilor rock well below the ground surface (also referred to hereinas a “pile”), such as a steel pipe pile or concrete drilled shaft.3.2.6 driven pile, na deep foundation eleme
29、nt made ofpreformed material with a predetermined shape and size andtypically installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing.3.2.7 jack assembly, none or more bi-directional jacksarranged together with any plates to act in parallel symmetri-cally around a central axis, which will be embedded w
30、ithin adeep foundation element to apply a bi-directional compressiveload aligned with the central axis of the deep foundationelement.3.2.8 steel reinforcement, nfor the purpose of thisStandard, this may consist of any steel assemblage or steelmember such as a rebar cage, channel frame, box beam,wide
31、-flange beam, etc., used to reinforce the concrete column,or in a non-production pile, to fix the jack(s) and instrumen-tation in place.3.2.9 telltale rod, nan unstrained metal rod extendedthrough the test pile from a specific point within the pile to beused as a reference from which to measure the
32、change in thelength of the loaded pile section, or the absolute movement atthat specific point.3.2.10 wireline, na steel wire mounted with a constanttension force between two supports and used as a reference lineto read a scale indicating movement of the test pile.4. Significance and Use4.1 The bi-d
33、irectional axial compressive load test providesseparate, direct measurements of the pile side shear mobilizedabove an embedded jack assembly and the pile end bearingplus any side shear mobilized below the jack assembly. Themaximum mobilized pile resistance equals two times themaximum load applied by
34、 the jack assembly. Test results mayalso provide information used to assess the distribution of sideshear resistance along the pile, the amount of end bearingmobilized at the pile bottom, and the long-term load-displacement behavior.4.2 The specified maximum test load should be consistentwith the en
35、gineers desired test outcome. For permanent(working) piles, the engineer may require that the magnitude ofapplied test load be limited in order to measure the pilemovement at a predetermined proof load as part of a qualitycontrol or quality assurance program. Tests that attempt to fully2For referenc
36、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInter
37、national Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.D8169/D8169M 182mobilize the axial compressive resistance of the test pile mayallow the engineer to improve the efficiency of the pile designby reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.4.3 The engineer and other i
38、nterested parties may analyzethe results of a bi-directional axial compressive load test toestimate the load versus movement behavior and the pilecapacity that would be measured during axial static compres-sive or tensile loading applied at the pile top (see Notes 1-3).Factors that may affect the pi
39、le response to axial static loadingduring a static test include, but are not limited to the:(1) pile installation equipment and procedures,(2) elapsed time since initial installation,(3) pile material properties and dimensions,(4) type, density, strength, stratification, and groundwaterconditions bo
40、th adjacent to and beneath the pile,(5) test procedure,(6) prior load cycles.NOTE 1To estimate the load displacement curve for the pile as if itwere loaded in compression at the top (as in Test Methods D1143/D1143M), the engineer may use strain and movement compatibility tosum the pile capacity mobi
41、lized above and below the embedded jackassembly for a given pile-top movement. This “top-load” curve will belimited by the lesser of the displacement measured above or below theembedded jack assembly. To obtain adequate minimum displacementduring the test, the engineer may wish to specify a maximum
42、test loadgreater than the desired equivalent “top load”.NOTE 2A bi-directional load test applies the test load within the pile,resulting in internal pile stresses and pile displacements that differ fromthose developed during a load test applied at the pile top. Bi-directionaltesting will generally n
43、ot test the structural suitability of a pile to supporta load as typically placed at the pile top. Structural defects near the piletop may go undetected unless separate integrity tests are performed priorto or after bi-directional testing (see Note 8). The analysis of bi-directionalload test results
44、 to estimate the pile-top movement that would be measuredby applying a compressive load at the top of the pile should consider straincompatibility and load-displacement behavior. ASTM D1143/D1143Mprovides a standard test method for the direct measurement of pile topmovement during an axial static co
45、mpressive load applied at the pile top.NOTE 3The analysis of bi-directional load test results to estimate piledisplacements that would be measured by applying a tensile (uplift) loadat the top of the pile should consider strain and movement compatibility.Users of this standard are cautioned to inter
46、pret conservatively the tensilecapacity estimated from the analysis of a compressive load. ASTMD3689/D3689M provides a standard test method for the direct measure-ment of axial static tensile capacity.4.4 For the purpose of fully mobilizing the axial compres-sive capacity, the engineer will usually
47、locate the jack assem-bly at a location within pile where the capacity above theassembly equals the capacity below it. A poorly chosenassembly location may result in excessive movement above orbelow the jack assembly, limiting the applied load and reduc-ing the usefulness of the test result. Determi
48、nation of theassemblys location requires suitable site characterization,consideration of construction methods, and the proper applica-tion of engineering principles and judgement (see Note 4).More complex test configurations, using multiple levels of jackassemblies, may provide a higher probability
49、that the fullresistance of the pile along its entire length may be determined.Details regarding such complex arrangements are beyond thescope of this standard.NOTE 4The bi-directional load test may not fully mobilize the axialcompressive pile resistance in all sections of the pile. Practical,economical, or code considerations may also result in bi-directional loadtests that are not intended to fully mobilize the axial resistance in some orall sections of the pile. In these cases, interpretation of the bi-directionaltest may under-predict the total axial compressive
