1、Designation: D8174 18Standard Test Method forFinite Flash Point Determination of Liquid Wastes by Small-Scale Closed Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONFlash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe
3、 operational procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by differenttest methods or with different test apparatus.This test method, and Test Method D8175, are used t
4、o determine the flash point of liquid wastes.This procedure is primarily derived from Method B of Test Methods D3828 (EN ISO 3679 and IP523) and is informally known in federal and other regulations as the Setaflash method.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for a flash pointtest, withi
5、n the range of 20 to 70 C, of liquid wastes using asmall-scale closed cup tester.NOTE 1Some apparatus are not designed for subambient temperaturetests, so the testing range would be between 20 C and 70 C.NOTE 2This test method is not applicable for liquid waste that formsa surface film (see Test Met
6、hod D8175 for Finite Flash Point Determina-tion of Wastes by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester).1.2 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas the standard. No other units of measurement are included inthis standard.1.3 This standard measures the ignitability properties ofliquid wastes (
7、which may be any discarded material), whichmay include secondary materials, off-specification products,and materials containing free liquids recovered during emer-gency response actions. Results from this test method may beused as part of a fire risk assessment of the material, but it is theresponsi
8、bility of the user to perform any additional character-ization needed for determination of storage, transport,treatment, or disposal per current regulations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
9、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Warning statements appear throughout. See applicable SafetyData Sheets (SDS) for information about certified referencematerials (CRMs) or seco
10、ndary working standards (SWSs) thatmay be used in this test method. SDS may also be useful ifsome components of the waste sample are known.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Princi
11、ples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD6299 Practice for Applying S
12、tatistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup Tester (Ramp Method)D8175 Test Method For Finite Flash Point Determination ofLiquid Wastes by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterE50
13、2 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan-dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicalsby Closed Cup MethodsE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-tance Thermometers1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the dire
14、ct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01 on Monitor-ing and Characterization.Current edition approved March 15, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D8174-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
15、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance wi
16、th internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 17034 General Req
17、uirements for the Competence ofReference Material ProducersISO Guide 35 Reference MaterialsGeneral and StatisticalPrinciples for CertificationEN ISO 3679 Determination of Flash No-Flash and FlashPointRapid Equilibrium Closed Cup MethodISO 60751 Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometersand Platinum
18、 Temperature Sensors2.3 Energy Institute Standards:4IP 523 Determination of Flash PointRapid EquilibriumClosed Cup MethodIP 534 Determination of Flash PointSmall Scale ClosedCup Ramp Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 ambient barometric pressure, nin waste flash pointtest methods, the atmosph
19、eric pressure in the immediatesurroundings where the flash point apparatus is located.3.1.2 ambient temperature, nin waste flash point testmethods, the temperature in the immediate surroundings wherethe flash point apparatus is located.3.1.3 equilibrium, nin waste flash point test methods, thecondit
20、ion in which the vapor above the subsample and thesubsample are at the same temperature at the time the ignitionsource is applied.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThis condition may not be fullyachieved in practice since the temperature may not be uniformthroughout the subsample, and the test cover and shutter on
21、theapparatus can be cooler or warmer.3.1.4 flash point, nin waste flash point test methods, thelowest temperature of the subsample, adjusted to account forthe variation in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at whichthe application of an ignition source causes the vapors of thesubsample to ignite u
22、nder the specified conditions of the test.3.1.5 subambient temperature, nin waste flash point testmethods, a lower temperature than the immediate surroundingswhere the flash point apparatus is located.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A subsample is introduced into the test cup of theapparatus that is se
23、t and maintained at the expected flash pointtemperature. After a specified time, an ignition source isapplied and a determination made as to whether or not a flashoccurred. This procedure is repeated by changing the testtemperature and subsample a number of times to determine thefinite flash point.4
24、.2 If the expected flash point temperature is not known,then a screening procedure may be used whereby the tempera-ture is increased while keeping the same subsample and theignition source applied at intervals to establish an estimate ofthe flash point. An example of this procedure is given inAppend
25、ix X1.5. Significance and Use5.1 This procedure is intended to be used to evaluate theignitability of liquid wastes.5.2 Flash point measures the response of the subsample toheat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory condi-tions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall becons
26、idered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of aliquid waste material.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material.5.4 This test method uses a small sample volume (2 mL)and short test time (1
27、min).6. Interferences6.1 Metals such as aluminum react with corrosive wastes togive off hydrogen gas, which can cause a false positive flash.For corrosive wastes, a cup with a stainless steel insert shall beused.6.2 Liquid Waste That Forms a Surface Film Under TestConditionsFor these types of waste,
28、 Test Method D8175shall be used. However, if the waste forms a surface film andis also corrosive, the small-scale tester with a stainless steelcup shall be used.NOTE 3If a regulatory decision point is being assessed for a waste thatforms a surface film, a flash in the small-scale tester should be co
29、nsidereda maximum flash point and may not satisfy the regulatory assessment.6.3 Halogenated Constituents:6.3.1 The presence of some halogenated constituents in thewaste may cause the flash to appear green instead of blue.6.3.2 Some halogenated compounds can flash and somehalogenated compounds only b
30、urn. The burning of a haloge-nated constituent within the waste should not be confused witha flash.6.4 Because of the nature of the waste itself, the flash pointresults of the waste can be inconsistent (greater than reproduc-ibility).An example would include volatile droplets suspendedin a gel. Addi
31、tional testing may be required to determine thelowest detectable flash point.7. Apparatus7.1 Flash Point TesterThe essential dimensions and re-quirements of the apparatus are shown in Fig. A1.1 and TableA1.1 of Annex A1. The apparatus and accessories are de-scribed in detail in Annex A1. The tempera
32、ture range is from20 to 70 C. Some versions of the apparatus do not cover thefull temperature range.NOTE 4It is possible that the lowest starting temperature of theapparatus is significantly higher than the actual detectable flash point ofthe sample. The conditions may exceed the upper explosive lim
33、it andresult in a false negative.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., ht
34、tp:/www.energyinst.org.D8174 1827.2 BarometerIt should have an accuracy of 0.5 kPa orbetter. Barometers that have been pre-corrected for use atweather stations or airports are not suitable.7.3 Draft ShieldAshield that is located at the back and ontwo sides of the instrument, for use in circumstances
35、 in whichprotection from drafts does not exist.7.4 Cooling DeviceA device used to lower the testingtemperature of the sample cup. This can be integral to orindependent from the flash point apparatus. See A1.2.3 andAnnex A3.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Cleaning SolventUse a solvent suitable for clean
36、ingout the subsample from the test cup. Two commonly usedsolvents are toluene and acetone. WarningToluene, acetone,and many other solvents are flammable and a health hazard.8.2 Butane, Propane, and Natural GasThese are for useas a pilot and ignition source (not required if an electric ignitoris used
37、). WarningButane, propane, and natural gases areflammable and a health hazard.8.3 Heat Transfer PasteThis is used to make directcontact between the cup and temperature measuring device.8.4 Reference Materials (CRMs)See Annex A2.9. Sampling9.1 Sampling should address the intended use of theanalysis,
38、such as representative subsampling from the sourcewaste material. When possible, obtain at least a 50-mL samplefrom the source waste material for single-phase wastes. Ifmultiple-phase waste is suspected, obtain a greater volume ofsample to ensure adequate phase volumes for testing. A 2-mLsubsample w
39、ill be used for each step in a finite flash pointdetermination.9.2 Samples that have multiple phases (layers) shall bephase separated into single phases. Each separate liquid phaseis tested.9.3 Store samples in clean, tightly sealed containers atnormal room temperature (20 to 25 C) or colder. Avoidf
40、reezing the sample. If the sample is frozen, allow the sampleto warm such that it is a liquid. Avoid storage of samples attemperatures in excess of 20 C. Do not store samples for anextended period of time in gas-permeable containers, such assome types of plastic, because volatile material can diffus
41、ethrough the walls of the container. Samples in leaky containersare suspect, as volatiles can be lost and may not provide validresults.NOTE 5If a regulatory decision point is being assessed for a waste ina leaky container, the lack of a flash point or a flash point exceeding theregulatory decision p
42、oint may not satisfy the regulatory assessment.9.4 Erroneously high flash points can be obtained whenprecautions are not taken to avoid loss of volatile materials. Donot open containers unnecessarily.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Place the apparatus on a level, stable surface. Unlesstests are mad
43、e in a draft-free area, surround the tester on threesides with a draft shield (see 7.3) for protection. Do not rely ontests made in a laboratory ventilation hood unless the extractedair and vapors can be withdrawn without causing air currentsover the test cup during the ignition source application p
44、eriod.10.2 Read the manufacturers instructions on the care andservicing of the instrument and for the correct operation of anycontrols.10.3 Prepare the apparatus for operation in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions for calibrating, checking, andoperating the equipment, especially the opera
45、tion of the igni-tion source. WarningAn incorrectly set test flame size orincorrect setting for an electric ignitor can significantly affectthe test result.10.4 Clean the test cup, cover, and its accessories with anappropriate solvent (8.1) to remove any traces of gum orresidue from the previous tes
46、t. Wipe dry with absorbent paper.Astream of dry, clean air may be used to remove the last tracesof solvent used. A pipe cleaner may be used to clean the fillerorifice. Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordancewith local regulations.10.5 If not automatically recorded by the instrument, mea
47、-sure and record the ambient barometric pressure at the time ofeach test.10.6 An electronic thermal flash detector (A1.6) may beused in lieu of a visual observation of the flash. In cases ofdispute, the visual observation shall be used.10.7 For subambient test temperatures (typically 20 to20 C), see
48、 Annex A3, unless the apparatus has integral testcup cooling.11. Verification of Apparatus11.1 Verify and correct, if necessary, the readings on thetemperature measuring device (A1.8) at least every twelvemonths according to the manufacturers instructions, and thatthe temperature measuring device is
49、 in accordance with A1.2.3and Annex A4.11.2 Verify the correct operation of the apparatus andassociated components (barometer, temperature measuringdevice, cooling device, and so forth) before initial use. Followthe manufacturers recommendations.11.3 Verify the performance of the apparatus before initialuse and at least once per year by determining the flash point ofa CRM. Examples of suitable liquids, and their approximateflash points, are listed in AnnexA2. Use a CRM that has a flashpoint that is reasonably close to the expected temperatur
