1、Designation: E135 15aStandard Terminology Relating toAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms commonly used inanalytical chemistry for metals, ores, and related materials.Terms that
3、 are generally understood or defined adequately inother readily available sources are either not included or theirsources are identified.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in a discussion.1.3 Definitions identical to those published by anotherstandards organi
4、zation or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or the identifying document andASTM committee.1.4 Definitions specific to a particular field (such as emis-sion spectrometry) are identified with an italicized introductoryphrase.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1914
5、 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical AnalysisE2437 Practice for Designing and Validating Performance-Based Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 2014)3E2438 Practice for Implementing Standard Performan
6、ceBased Test Methods for the Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 2014)32.2 ISO Standard:4ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connectionwith Reference Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use in allstandards on analytical che
7、mistry for metals, ores, and relatedmaterials. The definitions should be used uniformly andconsistently. The purpose of this terminology is to promoteclear understanding and interpretation of the standards inwhich definitions are used.4. Terminology Definitionsaim interlaboratory uncertainty, nthe m
8、aximum deviation(95 % confidence) to be allowed in the design of the totalinterlaboratory uncertainty of a test method, beginning withthe preparation of a homogeneous sample and ending with afinal report value to the client. E2437aim total intralaboratory uncertainty, nthe maximumdeviation (95 % con
9、fidence) to be allowed in the design ofthe total intralaboratory uncertainty of a test method, begin-ning with the preparation of a homogeneous sample andending with a final report value to the client.aim uncertainty budget, nduring the development of astandard performance-based test method, the tar
10、get alloca-tion of interlaboratory measurement uncertainty among spe-cific components of a measurement process that contributesignificantly to the overall deviation. The target allocation ismade by the task group and serves as guidance for interlabo-ratory test participants during method testing. E2
11、437analytical curvesee calibration curve.analyte, nin methods of chemical analysis, the constituentdetermined by a chemical measurement process. E1914analytical gap, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the regionbetween two electrodes in which the specimen is excited andfrom which radiant energy is us
12、ed for analysis.analytical line, nin atomic spectrometry, the particularwavelength of electromagnetic radiation used in determiningthe presence or concentration of an element.arc, condensedsee discharge, triggered capacitor.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 onAnalytic
13、al Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.23 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E135 15. DOI:10.1520/E0135-15A
14、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is re
15、ferenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1noncapacitive ac arc, nin atomic em
16、ission spectrometry,aseries of separate electrical discharges, individually self-initiating or initiated separately by another means, in whicheach current pulse has a polarity that is reversed from theprevious one.arc linenot recommended, see atom line.atom line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a
17、spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan excited atom returns to a lower energy level.atomic emission spectrometry (AES), npertaining to emis-sion spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infraredwavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.bandpass fil
18、tersee under filter.between-laboratory standard deviation, sR, nthe standarddeviation of results obtained on the same material using thesame method in different laboratories.buffer, nin spectrometric analysis, a substance that tends tominimize the effects of one or more elements on theemission of ot
19、her elements.burn, nin atomic emission spectrometry, that portion of asolid specimen from which atoms were volatilized or sput-tered.burn, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to vaporize, orsputter, and excite a specimen with sufficient energy togenerate spectral radiation.calibrate, vt(1) to establi
20、sh the relationship between theresponse of an instrument and the amount of analyte; (2) toestablish a table of corrections to improve the accuracy ofequipment used to measure physical properties such as mass,volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration, nthe act, process, or result of establishing:
21、 (1)the relationship between the response of an instrument andthe amount of analyte present; (2) a table of corrections toimprove the accuracy of equipment used to measure physicalproperties such as mass, volume, temperature, and so forth.calibration curve, nthe graphical or mathematical represen-ta
22、tion of the relationship between the response of an instru-ment and the concentration or mass of the analyte.condensed arcsee under discharge, triggered capacitor.certified reference material (CRM), na reference material,accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose propertyvalues are certified
23、 by a procedure which establishes trace-ability to an accurate realization of the unit in which theproperty values are expressed, and for which each certifiedvalue is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level ofconfidence.DISCUSSIONBefore the advent of the term certified reference mate-rial (C
24、RM), the term standard reference material was used in manydocuments ofASTM International. This results from the use of the termStandard Reference Material (SRM) as the name for certified referencematerials (CRM) issued by the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), an agency of the Uni
25、ted States government.counter electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, theelectrode in an analytical pair that does not contain thespecimen being analyzed.detection limit, nthe smallest net signal (or the derivedproperty value, constituent mass fraction, etc.) obtained by agiven measurement proc
26、edure, that can be distinguishedfrom the background signal at a specified confidence level.E1914DISCUSSIONThe detection limit may be designated as LD.Anequivalent alternative term is Limit of Detection with an acronym ofLOD.5discharge, triggered capacitor, na series of electrical dis-charges from ca
27、pacitors initiated by a separate means andextinguished when the voltage across the analytical gap fallsto a value that no longer is sufficient to maintain it.division, nin sample preparation, a process which divides asample into two or more subsamples without changing thecomposition.dor bead, na gol
28、d and silver bead that results fromcupellation and may contain platinum group metals.drift correction, nin spectrometric analysis, the process ofadjusting for a translational shift or a rotational shift, or both,of an instrument response.electrode, nin atomic emission spectrometry, either of twoterm
29、inals between which an electrical discharge occurs.electrode gapnot recommended, see analytical gap.error, nof a result, the difference between a result obtainedon a material and its accepted reference value. E1914fatigue, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the decrease inresponse of a photoelectric
30、radiant energy detector caused bythe accumulated exposure of the detector to radiant energy.filter, nin atomic spectrometry, a substance that attenuatesthe radiant power in a definite manner with respect tospectral distribution.bandpass filtera filter that passes wavelengths (or frequen-cies) within
31、 a specified range and attenuates all wavelengths(or frequencies) outside that range.gross samplesee under sample.homologous lines, nin atomic emission spectrometry, spec-tral lines that exhibit minimal change in their intensity ratioswith variations in excitation conditions.increment, nin sampling,
32、 a portion of material removedfrom a lot by a single operation.inquartation, nin fire assay, the addition of silver tofacilitate parting.interlaboratory study (ILS), na study undertaken to dem-onstrate the precision and bias of a test method. E19145For a complete discussion, refer to L. A. Currie (e
33、d.), Pure and AppliedChemistry, Vol 67, No. 10, 1995, pp. 16991723.E135 15a2interlaboratory uncertainty, nin a performance based stan-dard test method, the precision of test results (95 %confidence) that participating laboratories achieved duringan interlaboratory study, beginning with the preparati
34、on of ahomogeneous sample and ending with a final report. E2437internal standard, nin spectrometry, a material present in oradded to test samples that serves as an intensity reference forspectral measurements.internal standard line, nin atomic spectrometry, a spectralline of an internal standard, to
35、 which the radiant energy of ananalytical line is compared.intralaboratory uncertainty, n in a performance basedstandard test method, the precision (95 % confidence) that alaboratory achieves when the method is used by more thanone operator. In test methods that establish maximumallowable intralabor
36、atory uncertainties, users must be able todemonstrate compliance with those uncertainties in order toreport that a given test result was produced using the namedmethod. E2437ion line, nin atomic emission spectrometry, a spectral lineresulting from radiation emitted during electron transition asan io
37、nized atom decays to a lower, but still ionized, energylevel; see atom line.laboratory samplesee under sample.linear dispersion, nthe derivative dx/d where x is thedistance along the spectrum and is the wavelength.line pair, nin atomic emission spectrometry, an analyticalline and the internal standa
38、rd line with which it is compared.lot, nin sampling, a collection of material regarded as a unit.matrix, nin methods of chemical analysis, all components ofa material except the analyte. E1914method, nin chemical analysis, instructions used to producea numerical result, which are detailed in a docum
39、ent referredto as “the method.” E1914minimum standard deviation, sM, nthe standard deviationof results on a test material obtained under conditions ofminimum variability E1914nebulizer, na device for converting a sample solution into agas-liquid aerosol for atomic absorption, emission,fluorescence,
40、or mass analysis.noncapacitive ac arcsee under arc.normalization, nin spectrometric analysis, (1) the process ofadjusting instrument output to conform to an establishedcondition using one or more homogeneous specimens orreference materials; (2) the adjustment of the analysis total to100 %, or some o
41、ther total.parting, vtin fire assay, separating silver from gold byselectively dissolving the silver in acid.performance based method, na test method that defines: (1)the general approaches for sampling, sample preparation,and making measurements on a specified type of material;and (2) defines maxim
42、um allowable uncertainties for eachmeasured constituent over its validated concentration range.polychromator, na device for simultaneously isolating sev-eral rays of monochromatic radiation from a beam ofpolychromatic radiation.preburn period, nin atomic emission spectrometry, the timeinterval after
43、 the initiation of a discharge during which theemitted radiation energy is not recorded for analyticalpurposes.premix burner, nin flame atomic absorption and atomicemission spectrometry, a burner in which the fuel gas ismixed with the oxidizing gas before reaching the combus-tion zone.prepared sampl
44、esee under sample.primary X-rays, nin spectrometry, the emergent beam fromthe X-ray source.profile, vtin atomic emission spectrometry, to scan and setthe deflection of the grating, or actual or apparent position ofthe entrance slit, or actual or apparent location of the exitslits, to produce optimum
45、 measurement of intensity.proof, nin fire assay, a synthetic verifier having a preciousmetal content similar to that expected in the test sample.proof correction, nin fire assay, the adjustment to the finalassay obtained by analyzing the proof concurrently with thetest sample.radiant power, P, nthe
46、rate at which energy is transported ina beam of radiant energy, preferably expressed in watts.reciprocal linear dispersion, nthe derivative d/dx where is the wavelength and x is the distance along the spectrum.reference material (RM), na material, sufficiently homoge-neous and stable with respect to
47、 one or more specifiedproperties, which has been established to be fit for itsintended use in a measurement process. ISO Guide 30repeatability, nsee within-laboratory standard deviation.E1914repeatability index, r, nan estimate of the maximum differ-ence expected for results on the same test materia
48、l ondifferent days in the same laboratory, a difference notexpected to be exceeded an average of more than once in 20comparisons (95 % probability). E1914repeatability standard deviation, nsee within-laboratorystandard deviation. E1914reproducibility, nsee between-laboratory standarddeviation. E1914
49、reproducibility index, R, nan estimate of the maximumdifference expected for results on the same material in twolaboratories, a difference not expected to be exceeded anaverage of more than once in 20 comparisons (95 %probability). E1914E135 15a3reproducibility standard deviation, nsee between-laboratory standard deviation. E1914result, nvalue representing the quantity of analyte that isobtained by applying a method one time to a test material.E1914sample, nin methods of chemical analysis, a port
