1、Designation: E 136 04An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBehavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-re
3、sponse test method covers the determi-nation under specified laboratory conditions of combustioncharacteristics of building materials. It is not intended to applyto laminated or coated materials.1.2 This test method references notes and footnotes thatprovide explanatory information. These notes and
4、footnotes,excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered asrequirements of this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in brackets are for information only.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of material
5、s, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
6、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1929 Test Method for Ignition Pro
7、perties of PlasticsD 3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalE 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire Standards2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 1182 Noncombustibility Test for Building Materials32.3 Other Standard:BS 476
8、Combustibility Test of Materials33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E 176.4. Significance and Use4.1 While actual building fire exposure conditions are notduplicated, this test method will assist in indicating thosematerials which do
9、not act to aid combustion or add appre-ciable heat to an ambient fire.4.2 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flamingand other indications of combustion.5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist prima-rily of the following:5.1.1 Refractory TubesTwo concentric, ref
10、ractory tubes,76 and 102 mm 3 and 4 in. in inside diameter and 210 to 250mm 812 to 10 in. in length, with axes vertical, and with heatapplied by electric heating coils outside of the larger tube. Acontrolled flow of air is admitted tangentially near the top ofthe annular space between the tubes and
11、passes to the bottomof the inner tube. The outer tube rests on a refractory bottomand the inner tube rests on three spacer blocks so as to afforda total opening under the inner tube equal to or greater than thatof the annular space. The refractory bottom plate has aremovable plug for cleaning.5.1.2
12、Transparent CoverA transparent cover of heat-resistant glass or other transparent material shall be providedover the top of the inner tubes. The cover shall have a circularopening 28.7 6 0.8 mm 118 6132 in. centered over the axisof the tubes. This opening has an area of 645 mm21.0 in.2.The cover sha
13、ll be in two equally-sized, movable parts.5.1.3 Thermocouples and an automatically recording deviceshall be provided. The thermocouples shall be located asfollows:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.2
14、3 on Combustibil-ity.Current edition approved February 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 136 99e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959, United States.5.1.3.1 Thermocouple T1is located in the center of the airspace between the two concentric, refractory tubes; approxi-mately 204 mm 8 in. down from the top of the 102-mm4-in. diameter tube (Note 1).5.1.3.2 Thermocouple T3is located at the approximategeometric center of th
17、e specimen.5.1.3.3 Thermocouple T4is located on the surface, incontact with the specimen; in the same horizontal plane as T3.5.1.3.4 Thermocouples T1, T3and T4shall have a timeconstant (time to reach 63.2 % of the furnace air temperature of750C 1382F) of 5 to 10 s (Note 2).NOTE 1Thermocouple T1is us
18、ed for better regulation of the tempera-ture of the air in the furnace space.NOTE 2Ungrounded, metallic-sheathed thermocouples of 1-mm di-ameter have been found to meet the time constant requirements.5.2 Specimen HolderThe specimen holder for solid speci-mens shall be as shown in Fig. 2.5.2.1 Specim
19、ens in granular or powder form shall be con-tained in thin-wall, open-top vessels of inert materials whoseoutside dimensions conform to the specimen shape and maxi-mum size specified in 6.1. These vessels shall have walls ofeither solid or mesh construction.5.3 Specimen LocationDuring the test, the
20、geometriccenter of the specimen shall be located at the geometric center63mm618 in. of the 76-mm 3-in. diameter tube.6. Test Specimens6.1 All test specimens shall be 38 by 38 by 51 6 2.5 mm1.5 by 1.5 by 2.0 6 0.1 in. The specimens shall be dried at60 6 3C 140 6 5F for not less than 24 h but no more
21、than48 h. Specimens shall then be placed in a desiccator to cool atleast 1 h before testing.6.2 Not less than four identical specimens shall be tested.7. Procedure7.1 Furnace Preparation:7.1.1 Conduct the test at room conditions of 21 6 3C70 6 5F.7.1.2 Air FlowProvide an external air source to suppl
22、yclean air through a metal tube located near the furnace top,tangentially between the annular spaced ceramic tubes. The airshall be supplied at a steady and controllable rate of 0.0027m3/min 0.10 ft3/min 6 20 %, which will give an air flow of3 m 10 ft/min past a loaded specimen in the furnace at 750
23、CNOTEInch-Pound Equivalentsin.3 4 6101034 1 in.2No. 16 Awgmm 76 102 152 254 273 6.4 cm21.29FIG. 1 Cross Section of Furnace AssemblyE1360421382F. Measure the air at room temperature, as specified in7.1.1 and meter by a rotameter or other metering device in linewith the metal tube.7.1.3 Prepare the fu
24、rnace by bringing the temperature ofthermocouple T2(Note 3), located in the furnace at the positionto be occupied by the geometric center of the specimen, to atemperature of 750 6 5.5C 1382 6 10F. Maintain the tem-perature in the unloaded furnace for at least 15 min to assurestability.NOTE 3The temp
25、erature T2is measured by means of a thermocoupleinserted from the top during the initial heating period. Once the operatingtemperature has been established by thermocouple T2, note the tempera-ture on thermocouple T1and control the test chamber during the test to theobserved T1temperature reading. T
26、3may be used as T2.7.2 As rapidly as possible, insert the test specimen into thefurnace with thermocouple T3inserted from the top of thespecimen to its approximate geometric center and thermo-couple T4attached to the side surface of the specimen. Closethe top cover to the 6.4-cm21-in.2 opening immed
27、iately afterinsertion of the specimen. Readings for thermocouples T3andT4shall be made at intervals (Note 4) not to exceed 10 s duringthe first 5 min, and as often as necessary afterwards to producea smooth curve. Do not change the regulation of the currentthrough the heating coils and the air flow
28、during the test.NOTE 4A continuous read-out recording is preferred since it ispossible for the maximum temperature to occur between the 10-sintervals.7.3 Continue the test until the temperatures at thermo-couples T3and T4have reached maxima, or until it is clearlyevident that the specimen does not p
29、ass this test.7.3.1 After 30 minutes of testing have elapsed, or at anytime subsequent to that, testing shall be discontinued if, overthe previous 10 minutes, the temperature measured at thecenter thermocouple T3has risen by no more than 1C in anyone minute. The final temperature reading shall be re
30、corded asthe maximum temperature.7.4 Throughout the test make and record visual observationson the specimens, noting quality, quantity, or intensity andduration of flaming or smoking, or both, and change of state.7.5 Weigh each specimen before and after testing and recordthe weight loss to the neare
31、st 1 %.8. Report8.1 Report the material as passing the test if at least three ofthe four specimens tested meet the individual specimen criteriadetailed in 8.2 or 8.3. The three specimens do not need to meetthe same condition.8.2 When the weight loss of the specimen is 50 % or less:8.2.1 The recorded
32、 temperatures of the surface and interiorthermocouples do not at anytime during the test rise more than30C 54F above the stabilized temperature measured at T2prior to the test.8.2.2 There is no flaming from the specimen after the first30 s.8.3 When the weight loss of the specimen exceeds 50%:8.3.1 T
33、he recorded temperature of the surface and interiorthermocouples do not at anytime during the test rise above thestabilized temperature measured at T2prior to the test.8.3.2 There is no flaming from the specimen at any timeduring the test.FIG. 2 Specimen Holder for Solid SpecimensE1360439. Precision
34、 and Bias9.1 No information is presented about the precision and biasof this test method for measuring combustion characteristicssince the test results are nonquantitative. (See X1.7.)10. Keywords10.1 building materials; combustion; heated tube; limitedcombustion; Setchkin furnace; vertical tube fur
35、naceAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 The difference in fire risk between a combustiblebuilding material and a noncombustible (or incombustible) oneis generally obvious. However, some materials may containonly a limited amount of combustible content and may notc
36、ontribute appreciably to an ambient fire. The term noncom-bustible, while in recognized use as indicating a material thatwill not ignite or burn, is indefinite in its application unlessreferenced to a well defined testing procedure.X1.2 DefinitionX1.2.1 Most dictionaries have defined noncombustible
37、insimple terms, such as that used in the 1920 edition of theNational Building Code promulgated by the National Board ofFire Underwriters (NBFU): Incombustible materials or con-struction are those that “will not ignite or burn when subjectedto fire.” In 1943 the same code redefined incombustibleconst
38、ruction as “assemblies which do not involve materials ofsuch kind or quantity or so contained as to burn duringexposure in a test fire or continue flaming or ignite after thefurnace is shut off.”X1.2.2 About this same time Committee C05 (now E05)and the New York City Building Code suggested adding a
39、reference of 649C 1200F as the fire exposure temperature.By 1949 the term incombustible was changed to noncombus-tible in the National Building Code without definition. The firstedition of the BOCA Basic Building Code (1950) defined anoncombustible material as “any material which will neitherignite
40、or actively support combustion in air at a temperature of649C 1200F during an exposure of five minutes in a ventedtube or vented crucible furnace.”X1.2.3 The 1955 edition of the NBFU National BuildingCode established a definition for noncombustible material (1)4that was subsequently adopted by other
41、 model codes, the LifeSafety Code (2), and most local codes. The adopted definitionwas as follows:Noncombustible as applied to a building construction mate-rial means a material that, in the form in which it is used, fallsin one of the following groups (a) through (c). It does not applyto surface fi
42、nish materials nor to the determination of whethera material is noncombustible from the standpoint of clearancesto heating appliances, flues or other sources of high tempera-ture. No material shall be classed as noncombustible which issubject to increase in combustibility or flame spread ratingbeyon
43、d the limits herein established, through the effects of age,moisture or other atmospheric condition. Flame spread ratingas used herein refers to ratings obtained in accordance withTest Method E 84.a) Materials no part of which will ignite and burn whensubjected to fire. Any material that liberates f
44、lammable gaswhen heated to a temperature of 750C 1382F, for 5 minshall not be considered noncombustible within the meaning ofthis paragraph.b) Materials having a structural base of noncombustiblematerial, as defined in (a), with a surfacing not over18-in. thickthat has a flame spread rating not high
45、er than 50.c) Materials, other than as described in (a) or (b), having asurface flame spread rating not higher than 25 without evidenceof continued progressive combustion and of such compositionthat surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through thematerial in any way would not have a flame sprea
46、d ratinghigher than 25 without evidence of continued progressivecombustion.X1.2.4 In adopting this definition, NBFU stated that it wasbased on a determination of which materials “could be properlyclassed as noncombustible and then fixing the qualifyingconditions in the definition to include these ma
47、terials.” Thedefinition was considered to apply to materials used for thewalls, roofs, or other structural parts of buildings, but not tosurface finish materials and not to the determination of whethera material is noncombustible from the standpoint of clearancesto heating appliances, flues, or othe
48、r sources of high tempera-ture.X1.2.5 After Test Method E 136 was promulgated, (initiallyas a tentative in 1958, then as a full standard in 1965), manybuilding codes replaced either part (a) of the NBFU definitionor the entire definition with the specification that materialsshall have been successfu
49、lly tested in accordance with TestMethod E 136. In 1973, the American Insurance Association(successor to NBFU) introduced a definition of a limited-combustible material and redefined a noncombustible materialas one that, in the form in which it is used and under theconditions anticipated, will not ignite, burn, support combus-tion, or release flammable vapors, when subjected to fire orheat.X1.2.6 To avoid misinterpretation in the use of the termnoncombustible, Committee E05 has decided to limit the use of
