ASTM E312-2006 Standard Practice for Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still Cameras (DSC)《使用模拟相机和数字静止相机的摄.pdf
《ASTM E312-2006 Standard Practice for Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still Cameras (DSC)《使用模拟相机和数字静止相机的摄.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASTM E312-2006 Standard Practice for Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still Cameras (DSC)《使用模拟相机和数字静止相机的摄.pdf(9页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、Designation: E 312 06Standard Practice forDescription and Selection of Conditions for PhotographingSpecimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital StillCameras (DSC)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPhotographs are often used to convey information about the ap
3、pearance of objects, materials, orphenomena involved in testing. The appearance of a photograph of an object depends not only on theappearance of the object, but on the conditions of formation of the optical image, the conditions offormation of the photographic record, and the conditions of viewing
4、the photograph. If thephotographic method of recording appearance is to be reproducible from one laboratory to another andif photographs of various specimens or one specimen at various times are to be used for validcomparisons, there must be an established method of describing pertinent conditions,
5、so they may berecorded, communicated, and standardized. The purpose of this practice is to provide such a methodof description.1. Scope1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides asystematic method of describing the arrangement of lights,camera, and subject, the characteristics of the i
6、llumination, thenature of the photographic process, and the viewing system.Conditions for photographing certain common forms of speci-mens are recommended.Although this practice is applicable tophotographic documentation in general, it is intended for use indescribing the photography of specimens in
7、volved in testingand in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds ofspecimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotographybut photomicrography is excluded from the scope of thispractice.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
8、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temE 284 Terminol
9、ogy of AppearanceE 1360 Practice for Specifying Color by Using the OpticalSociety of America Uniform Color Scales SystemE 1541 Practice for Specifying and Matching Color Usingthe Colorcurve System2.2 ANSI Standards:ANSI/ISO 517-1996, Apertures and Related Properties Per-taining to Photographic Lense
10、sDesignations and Mea-surements3ISO 3664:2000, Viewing ConditionsGraphic Technologyand Photography3ISO 18920:2000, Imaging Materials Processed Photo-graphic Reflection Prints Storage Practices3ISO 6846:1992, Black-and-White Continuous TonePapersDetermination of ISO Speed and Range forPrinting33. Ter
11、minology3.1 DefinitionsAppearance terms used in this practiceconform to definitions in Terminology E 284. Terms related tophotography conform to the cited standards of the AmericanNational Standards Institute.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and i
12、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 312 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
13、Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM Internationa
14、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a basis for choosing, specifying,recording, communicating, and standardizing the conditionsand processes that determine the nature of a photographicimage of a spec
15、imen. Its provisions are particularly usefulwhen the photographic image is used to preserve or commu-nicate the appearance of a specimen involved in an aging orstressing test that affects its appearance. It is often useful tocompare photographs made under identical conditions beforeand after a test
16、to illustrate a change in appearance.4.2 This practice deals with specific details of cameratechnique and the photographic process, so it will probably bebest understood and implemented by a technical photographeror someone trained in photographic science. The personrequiring the photograph must cle
17、arly indicate to the photog-rapher what features of the specimen are of technical interest,so he may use techniques that make those features clearlyevident in the photograph, without misrepresenting the appear-ance of the specimen.4.3 This practice provides useful guidance on presentingphotographs f
18、or viewing, providing an indication of dimen-sions or scale, indicating the orientation of the picture, andreferring to particular points on a picture. These techniquesshould be useful to those writing technical literature involvingillustrations of the appearance of specimens. The methods ofthis pra
19、ctice should contribute materially to the accuracy andprecision of other standards that rely on pictures to indicatevarious grades of some attribute of appearance, such asblistering or cracking.4.4 For acceptance testing, manufacturing control, and regu-latory purposes, it is desirable to employ mea
20、surement, but inthose cases where there are no methods of measuring theattribute of appearance of interest, well-made photographs orphotomechanical reproductions of them may be the bestavailable way to record and communicate to an inspector thenature of the attribute of appearance.5. Descriptors for
21、 Conditions5.1 Primary Points:5.1.1 Central Image Point, IThe geometrical center of thepicture area on the film or plate, designated by the symbol I(see Fig. 1).5.1.2 Nodal Points, H, H8The two points H and H8 in thelens system, located on the line joining the centers of curvatureof the elements and
22、 having the property that any ray from theobject directed toward H emerges from H8 parallel to theoriginal path. The nodal point with respect to rays from theobject is called the “ first nodal point” and is designated by theFIG. 1 Coordinate System for Specifying the Geometric Relationship of Camera
23、, Subject, and LightingE312062symbol H while the nodal point with respect to rays directed tothe image is called the “second nodal point” and is designatedby the symbol H.5.1.3 Central Object Point, OThe point in the objectspace that is imaged at the central image point, designated bythe symbol O. (
24、It is not necessary that any material thing existat this point.)5.2 Primary Axes:5.2.1 Camera AxisThe straight line between the centralimage point and the second nodal point. The distance betweenthese points is called the “axial image distance” and isdesignated by the symbol v.5.2.2 Optical AxisThe
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