1、Designation: E351 18Standard Test Methods forChemical Analysis of Cast IronAll Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E351; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of pigiron, g
3、ray cast iron (including alloy and austenitic), white castiron, malleable cast iron, and ductile (nodular) iron havingchemical compositions within the following limits:Element Composition Range, %Aluminum 0.003 to 0.50Antimony 0.005 to 0.03Arsenic 0.02 to 0.10Bismuth 0.001 to 0.03Boron 0.001 to 0.10
4、Cadmium 0.001 to 0.005Carbon 1.25 to 4.50Cerium 0.005 to 0.05Chromium 0.01 to 30.00Cobalt 0.01 to 4.50Copper 0.03 to 7.50Lead 0.001 to 0.15Magnesium 0.002 to 0.10Manganese 0.06 to 2.50Molybdenum 0.01 to 5.00Nickel 0.01 to 36.00Phosphorus 0.01 to 0.90Selenium 0.001 to 0.06Silicon 0.10 to 6.0Sulfur 0.
5、005 to 0.25Tellurium 0.001 to 0.35Tin 0.001 to 0.35Titanium 0.001 to 0.20Tungsten 0.001 to 0.20Vanadium 0.005 to 0.50Zinc 0.005 to 0.201.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in thesections indicated below:SectionsCarbon, Graphitic, by the Direct Combustion Infrared AbsorptionMethod (1 %
6、 to 3 %) 108115Carbon, Total by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (1.25 % to4.50 %)Discontinued 2012 97107Cerium and Lanthanum by the Direct Current Plasma AtomicEmission Spectrometry Method (Ce: 0.003 % to 0.5 %; La: 0.001% to 0.30 %) 237245Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Method (0.006 % to 1.00
7、%) 208217Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate OxidationTitration Method (0.05% to 30.0 %) 218226Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method (0.05%to30.0%)Discontinued 1980 144151Cobalt by the Ion-ExchangePotentiometric Titration Method (2.0 %to 4.5 %) 5360Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spe
8、ctrophotometric Method (0.01 % to4.50 %) 6170Copper by the Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.03 % to7.5 %) 116125Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition GravimetricMethod (0.03 % to 7.5 %) 8188Lead by the Ion-ExchangeAtomic Absorption SpectrometryMethod (0.001 % to 0.15 %) 12613
9、5Magnesium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.002% to 0.10 %) 7180Manganese by the Periodate Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 % to2.00 %) 918Manganese by the Peroxydisulfate-Arsenite Titrimetric Method (0.10% to 3.5 %) 152159Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange8-Hydroxyquinoline GravimetricMet
10、hod 257264Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method (0.01% to 1.5 %) 196207Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to 36.00%) 168175Nickel by the Ion Exchange-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method(0.005 % to 1.00 %) 176185Phosphorus by the Alkalimetric Method (0.02 % t
11、o 0.90 %) 160167Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method(0.02 % to 0.90 %) 1930Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to 6.0 %) 4652Sulfur by the Gravimetric MethodDiscontinued 1988 3036Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to0.25 %)Discontinued 2012 3745Sulf
12、ur by the Chromatographic Gravimetric MethodDiscontinued1980 136143Tin by the Solvent Extraction-Atomic Absorption SpectrometryMethod (0.002 % to 0.10 %) 186195Tin by the Sulfide Precipitation-Iodometric Titration Method (0.01 %to 0.35 %) 8996Titanium by the Diantipyrylmethane Spectrophotometric Met
13、hod(0.006 % to 0.35 %) 246256Vanadium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method (0.006 %to 0.15 %) 2272361.3 Procedures for the determination of carbon and sulfurnot included in these test methods can be found in TestMethods E1019.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E
14、01 onAnalytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E351 13. DO
15、I:10.1520/E0351-18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theD
16、evelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.11.4 Some of the composition ranges given in 1.1 are toobroad to be covered by a single method and therefore thisstandard contains multiple methods for
17、 some elements. Theuser must select the proper method by matching the informa-tion given in the Scope and Interference sections of eachmethod with the composition of the alloy to be analyzed.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address
18、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Sec
19、tion 6 and inspecial “Warning” paragraphs throughout these Methods.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-men
20、dations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE50 Practices for Apparatus, Rea
21、gents, and Safety Consid-erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials by SpectrophotometryE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE173 Practice for Conducting Interl
22、aboratory Studies ofMethods for Chemical Analysis of Metals (Withdrawn1998)3E350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, andWrought IronE352 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Tool Steels andOther Similar Medium- and High-Alloy Stee
23、lsE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE882 Guide for Accountability and Quality C
24、ontrol in theChemical Analysis LaboratoryE1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and CobaltAlloys by Various Combustion and Inert Gas FusionTechniquesE1024 Guide for Chemical Analysis of Metals and MetalBearing Ores by Flame Atomic Absorpti
25、on Spectropho-tometry (Withdrawn 2004)3E1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toEvaluate the Performance of an Analytical MethodE1806 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determina-tion of Chemical Composition2.2 Other Document:4ISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination ofR
26、epeatability and Reproducibility for Inter-LaboratoryTests3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, referto Terminology E135.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metalsand alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to testsuch
27、materials for compliance with compositionalspecifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings. It is assumed that allwho use these test methods will be trained analysts capable ofperforming common laboratory procedures skillfully andsafely. It is expected
28、 that work will be performed in a properlyequipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practicessuch as those described in Guide E882.5. Apparatus, Reagents, and Instrumental Practices5.1 ApparatusSpecialized apparatus requirements arelisted in the Apparatus section in each method.5.1.1 In
29、the methods specifying spectrophotometric testing,the cells utilized to contain the reference material solutions andsample solutions in spectrophotometers are referred to as“absorption cells”. Please note that the radiant energy passedthrough the cells can be measured as absorbance or transmit-tance
30、. These methods refer to absorbance measurements. Referto Practices E60 for details.5.2 Reagents:5.2.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents
31、 of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.5Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
32、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American Nati
33、onal Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see the Uni
34、ted States Pharmacopeia andNational Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.E351 1825.2.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water asconforming to Type I or Type II of Specification D1193. TypeIII or IV may
35、 be used if they effect no measurable change in theblank or sample.5.3 Spectrophotometric PracticeSpectrophotometricpractice prescribed in these test methods shall conform toPractice E60.6. Hazards6.1 For precautions to be observed in the use of certainreagents and equipment in these methods, refer
36、to PracticesE50.7. Sampling7.1 For procedures to sample the material, refer to PracticeE1806.8. Interlaboratory Studies and Rounding CalculatedValues8.1 These test methods have been evaluated as directed inPractice E173 (withdrawn 1997) or ISO 5725. Practice E173has been replaced by Practice E1601.
37、The Reproducibility R2of E173 corresponds to the Reproducibility Index R of E1601.The Repeatability R1 of E173 corresponds to the RepeatabilityIndex r of E1601.8.2 Rounding of test results obtained using these test meth-ods shall be performed as directed in ASTM E29, RoundingMethod, unless an altern
38、ative rounding method is specified bythe customer or applicable material specification.MANGANESE BY THE METAPERIODATESPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD9. Scope9.1 This test method covers the determination of manganesefrom 0.10 % to 2.00 %.10. Summary of Method10.1 Manganous ions are oxidized to permanganate
39、ions byreaction with metaperiodate ions. Solutions of the samples arefumed with HClO4so that the effect of metaperiodate ion islimited to the oxidation of manganese. Spectrophotometricabsorbance measurement is made at 545 nm.11. Concentration Range11.1 The recommended concentration range is 0.15 mg
40、to0.8 mg of manganese per 50 mL of solution, using a 1-cm cell(Note 1) and a spectrophotometer with a band width of 10 nmor less.NOTE 1This method has been written for cells having a 1-cm lightpath and a narrow-band instrument. The concentration range dependsupon band width and spectral region used
41、as well as cell optical pathlength. Cells having other dimensions may be used, provided suitableadjustments can be made in the amounts of sample and reagents used.12. Stability of Color12.1 The color is stable for at least 24 h.13. Interferences13.1 The elements ordinarily present do not interfere.H
42、ClO4treatment, which is used in the procedure, yieldssolutions which can be highly colored due to the presence of Cr(VI) ions. Although these ions and other colored ions in thesample solution undergo no further change in color qualityupon treatment with metaperiodate ion, the following precau-tions
43、must be observed when filter spectrophotometers areused: Select a filter with maximum transmittance between 545nm and 565 nm. The filter must transmit not more than 5 % ofits maximum at a wavelength shorter than 530 nm. The bandwidth of the filter should be less than 30 nm when measured at50 % of it
44、s maximum transmittance. Similar restrictions applywith respect to the wavelength region employed when other“wide-band” instruments are used.13.2 The spectral transmittance curve of permanganate ionsexhibits two useful minima, one at approximately 526 nm, andthe other at 545 nm. The latter is recomm
45、ended when a“narrow-band” spectrophotometer is used.14. Reagents14.1 Manganese, Standard Solution (1 mL = 0.032 mgMn)Transfer the equivalent of 0.4000 g of assayed, high-purity manganese (purity: 99.99 % minimum), to a 500-mLvolumetric flask and dissolve in 20 mL of HNO3by heating.Cool, dilute to vo
46、lume, and mix. Using a pipet, transfer 20 mLto a 500-mL volumetric flask, dilute to volume, and mix.14.2 Nitric-Phosphoric Acid MixtureCautiously, whilestirring, add 100 mLof HNO3and 400 mLof H3PO4to 400 mLof water. Cool, dilute to 1 L, and mix. Prepare fresh as needed.14.3 Potassium Metaperiodate S
47、olution (7.5 g/L)Dissolve7.5 g of potassium metaperiodate (KIO4) in 200 mL of hotHNO3(1 + 1), add 400 mL of H3PO4, cool, dilute to 1 L, andmix.14.4 Water, Pretreated with MetaperiodateAdd 20 mL ofKIO4solution to 1 L of water, mix, heat at not less than 90 Cfor 20 min to 30 min, and cool. Use this wa
48、ter to dilutesolutions to volume that have been treated with KIO4solutionto oxidize manganese, and thus avoid reduction of permangan-ate ions by any reducing agents in the untreated water.(CautionAvoid the use of this water for other purposes.)15. Preparation of Calibration Curve15.1 Calibration Sol
49、utionsUsing pipets, transfer 5 mL, 10mL, 15 mL, 20 mL, and 25 mLof manganese standard solution(1 mL = 0.032 mg Mn) to 50-mL borosilicate glass volumetricflasks, and, if necessary, dilute to approximately 25 mL.Proceed as directed in 15.3.15.2 Reference SolutionTransfer approximately 25 mL ofwater to a 50-mL borosilicate glass volumetric flask. Proceedas directed in 15.3.15.3 Color DevelopmentAdd 10 mL of KIO4solution,and heat the solutions at not less than 90 C for 20 min to 30min (Note 2). Cool, dilute to volume with pretreated
