1、Designation: E1220 10Standard Practice forVisible Penetrant Testing UsingSolvent-Removable Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers procedures for visible penetrantexamination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It is anondestructive tes
3、ting method for detecting discontinuities thatare open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts,laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusionand is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami-nation. It can be effectively used in the examination ofnonporou
4、s, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination methodusing the solvent-removable process reco
5、mmended or requiredby individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain itsapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrantexamination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur-chaser and the
6、manufacturer regarding specific techniques isstrongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,ho
7、wever, that after indications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and direction ofindications considered acceptable, and those considered
8、 unac-ceptable.1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses ar
9、e for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
10、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (Bomb Method)D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Tem
11、perature Method)E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Pra
12、ctice for Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel42.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification52.4 AIA Standard:1This practice is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005
14、as E1220 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1220-10.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1220 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
15、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.5Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbi
16、ns Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel62.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the issuesof the
17、documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in theissue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practi
18、ce takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing tested and allowed to enter op
19、en discontinuities. After asuitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed bywiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is tobe employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrantout of the discontinuity,
20、 staining the developer. The test surfaceis then examined visually to determine the presence or absenceof indications.4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, thenature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape,su
21、rface condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is intendedprimarily for portability and
22、for localized areas of examination,utilizing minimal equipment. Surface roughness may be alimiting factor. If so, an alternate process, such as water-washvisible or post-emulsified penetrant should be considered whengrinding or machining is not practical.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Solvent
23、-Removable Liquid Penetrant TestingMaterials, (see Note 1) consist of a family of applicable visiblepenetrant, solvent remover, as recommended by the manufac-turer, and are classified as Type II Visible, Method CSolvent-Removable. Intermixing of materials from various manufac-turers is not recommend
24、ed. (WarningWhile approvedpenetrant materials will not adversely affect common metallicmaterials, some plastics or rubber may be swollen or stained bycertain penetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Visible, Solvent-Removable Penetrants
25、 are designed sothat excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping withdry, clean, lint-free material, and repeating the operation untilmost of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining tracesshall be removed by wiping the surface with clean, lint-freematerial lightly moistened with the solv
26、ent remover. To mini-mize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should betaken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surfacewith solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.Visible penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that isvisible under normal lighting condi
27、tions. The penetrant isusually red in color so that the indications produce a definitecontrast with the white background of the developer. Visiblepenetrant indications must be viewed under adequate whitelight (see 7.1.8.1).6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,making it possible
28、to wipe the surface clean and free of residualpenetrant as described in 7.1.5.6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indic
29、ations. Nonaque-ous, wet developers and aqueous developers are the mostcommonly used developers in the visible, solvent-removablepenetrant process. Liquid film developers also are used forspecial applications.6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally suppliedas suspensions of developer particles
30、 in a volatile solventcarrier and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied tothe surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has beenremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet develop-ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting backgroun
31、d for visible penetrants(see 7.1.7.1(a). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be inaccordance
32、with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.7.1(b).6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fixindications
33、and may be stripped from the surface and retainedfor record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(c).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solvent-removable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface o
34、f the part to be processed should befrom 40 to 125F (4 to 52C). Where it is not practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results can
35、 usually be obtained on surfaces in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for6Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.E1220 102ceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surfaceresiduals are pres
36、ent, these may be removed by wiping thesurface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning ofmetals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should bedone using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemicalremoving processes. S
37、urface conditioning by grinding, ma-chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit andvapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of
38、 the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditi
39、oning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andex
40、treme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 Precl
41、eaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant that might interferewith the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to beinspected must be clean and dry before the penetrant is applied.Incoming Par
42、tsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam VaporDegreaseSolventWashAcidEtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply SolventRemovable,VisiblePenetrantREMOVE(See 7.1.5)SolventWipe-OffDRY(See 7.1.6)DryDEVELOP(See 7.1.7)NonaqueousWetorLiquidFilm De
43、veloperAqueousDeveloperDRY(See 7.1.6)DryEXAMINE(See 7.1.8) ExamineMechanicalWashDetergentPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and PracticeE165, Annex on PostCleaning)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak UltrasonicCleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Visible Penetrant Examination General Procedure FlowsheetE1220 1
44、03If only a section of a part, such as a weld, including theheat-affected zone is to be examined, all contaminants shall beremoved from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that thesurface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter,gre
45、ase, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere withpenetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen-etrant from entering discontinuities (see Annex on Cleaning ofParts and Materials in Test Method E165 for more detailedcleaning methods). (WarningResidues from cleaning pro-cesses,
46、 such as strong alkalies pickling solutions and chromatesin particular, may adversely react with the penetrant and reduceits sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the areato be examined be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since anyliquid residue will hinder the
47、 entrance of the penetrant. Dryingmay be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens,with infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the area to be examinedhas been cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperaturerange, app
48、ly the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so thatthe entire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing,flooding, or spraying. Small parts are often place
49、d in suitablebaskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger parts,and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be appliedeffectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional andelectrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applyingliquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic sprayapplication can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant onthe surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount ofpenetrant entering hollow-cored passages that could serve aspenetrant reservoirs causing severe bleedout problems duringexamination. Aer
