1、Designation: E1254 13Standard Guide forStorage of Radiographs and Unexposed IndustrialRadiographic Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenanceof industrial radiographs and unexposed films used for indus-trial radi
3、ography.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.NOTE 1For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316. Theterms stated t
4、herein, however, are not specifically referenced in the text ofthis document.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
5、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Re-sponse of Industrial Radiographic Imaging SystemsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2
6、 ISO Standards:3ISO 18901 Imaging MaterialsProcessed silver-gelatintype black-and-white films - Specifications for stabilityISO 18902 Imaging MaterialsProcessed photographicfilms, plates, and papers - Filing enclosures and storagecontainersISO 18916 Processed Photographic MaterialsPhotographic activ
7、ity test for enclosure materialsISO 18917 PhotographyDetermination of residual thiosul-fate and other related chemicals in processed photographicmaterials - Methods using iodine-amylose, methylene blueand silver sulfide3. Significance and Use3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to control t
8、hequality of industrial radiographs and unexposed films only andare not intended for controlling the acceptability of thematerials or products radiographed. It is further intended thatthis guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E94.3.2 The necessity for applying specific control proceduressuch as thos
9、e described in this guide is dependent to a certainextent, on the degree to which a user adheres to goodprocessing and storage practices as a matter of routine proce-dure.4. Unexposed Film Storage4.1 Unopened Containers:4.1.1 Storage RecommendationsAny films in containerssealed by the manufacturer a
10、nd not opened should be storedwith the films on edge, or as recommended by the specificmanufacturer, to avoid container damage and possible filmdamage. Storage temperature should be between 40 F (4.4 C)and 75 F (24 C) at a relative humidity range of 30 to 60 %.4.1.2 Higher Storage TemperaturesWhen t
11、emperaturesexceed 90 F (32 C) for 30 days, some unexposed films maybe processed under normal existing conditions to test forfogging. The outside sheets in a pack of cut films or the endsof rolled films are most affected by heat. If excessive foggingis found on these samples, subsequent sampling may
12、be doneon inner sheets or further in on the rolls to avoid unnecessaryscrap.Alimit of 0.30 density units total for the base density andfog is acceptable (see 4.3) for industrial radiographic films.4.1.3 Lower Storage TemperaturesThe temperature can belower than 40 F (4.4 C) as lower temperatures red
13、uce the rateof heat and age fogging. However, lower temperatures willhave no effect on background radiation fogging. Films stored atthese lower temperatures in unopened containers should beallowed to stabilize at room temperature before opening thecontainers. The stabilization time varies with the b
14、ulk of the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology(X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition
15、approved in 2008 as E1254 08. DOI:10.1520/E1254-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available
16、 from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1stored films and the temperature stored at. The lower thetemperature
17、and greater the bulk the longer the time required toreach room temperature. If the containers are opened too soon,condensation could cause the films to stick to whatever istouching their surfaces.4.1.4 Lower or Higher Storage Humidities If the relativehumidity is below 30 % and the moisture in the f
18、ilms isreduced sufficiently, film emulsion cracking or damage canoccur during handling after opening the sealed containers, andthe films may be subjected to static electrical discharges.Storage humidities over 60 % can also cause the films to stickto whatever is touching their surfaces.4.2 Opened Co
19、ntainersThe same considerations de-scribed in 4.1 for unopened containers apply. Opened contain-ers are those on which the manufacturers inner bag around thefilm itself has been opened. This can cause the unexposed filmto stick and fog more rapidly when exposed to high humidityand temperature.4.3 Ti
20、me-of-Use UsabilityTests used to evaluate imagequality in accordance with Test Method E746 showed thatequivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) of 1.4 % can bemaintained for films with base plus-fog (B + Fog) up to 0.30.4.3.1 If unexposed sheets or rolls are processed normallythrough the available p
21、rocessing system, and base plus-fogdensity exceeds 0.30, the film may still be suitable for use.However, specific agreement should be obtained between thepurchaser and supplier if out-dated film or film stored undernon-recommended conditions is to be used.4.4 Radiation ProtectionStorage facilities f
22、or unexposedfilms should provide adequate protection from penetratingradiation.5. Radiograph Storage5.1 IntroductionRadiographs are normally stored in someform of enclosures to exclude dirt and protect them againstphysical deterioration and damage. Storage conditions can bedesigned for archival pres
23、ervation, normally considered to befor more than 100 years or for moderate time periods by usingthe guidelines in this standard; however, the radiographs musthave been sufficiently fixed and washed and stored in suitableenclosures to ensure preservation.5.2 Residual ThiosulfateIf radiographs are not
24、 fully fixedand washed, they can retain some fixer, or thiosulfate, andsome residual silver in the lower density areas. During storage,these residual chemicals can generate permanent, brownishstains super-imposed on the radiographic image. Since the rateat which a stain is generated depends on both
25、the amount ofresidual thiosulfate and radiograph storage conditions, factorssuch as the temperature, humidity, and air flow in the storagefacility must be considered as they affect this rate (seeISO 18901). If radiographs are stored at or below the upperlimits of the temperature and relative humidit
26、y ranges de-scribed in 4.1.1, stain generation will be minimized andlowered as these two parameters are lowered. Again, be awareof possible film emulsion cracking at very low humidities.5.2.1 Testing for Residual Thiosulfate The proceduredescribed in ISO 18917 as the silver densitometric method form
27、easuring residual thiosulfate details a silver nitrate-aceticacid reagent. A solution that can be used as a spot test forresidual thiosulfate is as follows: Dissolve 10 g silver nitrate ina solution of 30 mL glacial acetic acid in 750 mL water. Diluteto 1 L and store in brown, glass-stoppered bottle
28、. Discard ifdarkened. Two minutes after a drop of this solution has beenplaced on the lowest density area of a radiograph, a stain willappear if any residual thiosulfate is present. The intensity of thestain will approximate the maximum amount of discolorationthat one side of the radiograph will eve
29、r reach during any kindof storage conditions of temperature and humidity. For a visualreference to the approximate maximum discoloration of bothsides of a radiograph, both sides must be tested with superim-posed drops. This spot test is not usually considered adequatewhere critical work or work to a
30、 strict code or specification isinvolved. Consequently, the methylene blue method or thecomplete silver densitometric method described in ISO 18917would be preferred.5.2.2 Natural Aging StainPractical long-time storage testsindicate that under normal “office” conditions of controlled,moderate temper
31、ature and humidity, approximately one thirdof the maximum stain indicated by such a spot test was actuallygenerated over a 10-year period.5.2.3 Rewashing RadiographsIf the spot test does gener-ate a stain, the radiograph can be rewashed to lower theresidual level and then retested to confirm the low
32、er level.Immersion in a fixer neutralizer such as 2 to 6 % solution ofsodium sulfite can drastically reduce rewashing times.5.3 Enclosure Materials for Radiographs:5.3.1 GeneralPackaging enclosure materials, includingcorrugated boxes and interleaving paper, shall be chemicallystable and have a sligh
33、tly rough or matted surface. Guidelinesfor enclosure materials are described in ISO 18902. A photoactivity test for suitability is described in ISO 18916.5.4 Storage Area Conditions:5.4.1 Air ImpuritiesInert or inactive solid particles can bedeposited on radiographs and interfere with readability an
34、dproduce scratches. Reactive types of solids may cause fadingor staining and gaseous impurities may cause base or imagedeterioration. Impurities such as peroxides, ammonia, paintfumes, sulfur dioxides, or compounds of sulfur, such ashydrogen sulfide, can be particularly harmful.5.4.1.1 In addition t
35、o the impurities mentioned in 5.4.1, thepresence of acetic acid fumes (commonly known as the vinegarsyndrome) produced by the decay of cellulose acetate filmbase, can additionally cause degradation of films stored inclose proximity to the decaying film. Monitoring of the level ofacetic acid in film
36、storage areas can be accomplished usingseveral different commercially available test methods. Separa-tion of remaining films from the acetic acid environment andstorage at colder temperatures is recommended to preventcontinued deterioration.5.4.2 TemperatureContinuous temperatures above 100 F(38 C)
37、will accelerate staining caused by residual thiosulfateand temperatures below the dew point of the air may producecondensed moisture on the radiographs and cause sticking. Ingeneral, a moderate temperature range, as described in 4.1,isrecommended.E1254 1325.4.3 HumidityThe extremes must be avoided a
38、s pro-longed exposures to relative humidities over 60 % will tend todamage the emulsion because of fungus growth and couldcause sticking. Under conditions of low or changing humidity,emulsion adhesion defects such as edge peeling, flaking, oremulsion cracking can develop. Low humidities will alsoinc
39、rease the potential of static charges on the radiographsattracting solids that could harm them. In general, a relativehumidity range of 30 to 60 % is recommended.5.5 Fire ResistanceRadiographs can withstand tempera-tures as high as 302 F (150 C) without significant loss ofimage quality, provided the
40、y are free of residual thiosulfate;however, they may become distorted or stick to each other orto the enclosure material.6. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this guide for measuring residual thiosulfate and the activitytest for enclosure materials since
41、 the results merely statewhether there is conformance to the criteria for successspecified in the procedure.7. Keywords7.1 industrial radiographic films; radiograph storage; unex-posed filmASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with a
42、ny item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technica
43、l committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration
44、at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
45、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).E1254 133
