1、Designation: E 1256 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forRadiation Thermometers (Single Waveband Type)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test methods described in these test methods can beutilized to evaluate the following six basic operational param
3、-eters of a radiation thermometer (single waveband type):SectionCalibration Accuracy 7Repeatability 8Target Size 9Response Time 10Warm-Up Time 11Long-Term Drift 121.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
4、user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 blackbody, nthe perfect or ideal source of thermalradiant power having a spectral distribution described by thePlanc
5、k equation.2.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term blackbody is often used todescribe a furnace or other source of radiant power whichapproximates the ideal.2.1.2 center wavelength, na wavelength, usually near themiddle of the band of radiant power over which a radiationthermometer responds, that is used to char
6、acterize its perfor-mance.2.1.2.1 DiscussionThe value of the center wavelength isusually specified by the manufacturer of the instrument.2.1.3 radiation thermometer, na radiometer calibrated toindicate the temperature of a blackbody.2.1.4 radiometer, na device for measuring radiant powerthat has an
7、output proportional to the intensity of the inputpower.2.1.5 target plane, nthe plane, perpendicular to the line ofsight of a radiation thermometer, that is in focus for thatinstrument.2.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.2.1 reference temperature source, na source of thermalradiant
8、power of known temperature or emissivity, or both,used in the testing of radiation thermometers.2.2.2 target size, nthe diameter of a circle in the targetplane of a radiation thermometer that is centered on its line ofsight and contains 99 % of the input radiant power received bythat instrument.2.2.
9、3 temperature resolution, nthe minimum simulated oractual change in target temperature that gives a usable changein output or indication, or both.3. Significance and Use3.1 The purpose of these test methods is to establishconsensus test methods by which both manufacturers and endusers may make tests
10、 to establish the validity of the readings oftheir radiation thermometers. The test results can also serve asstandard performance criteria for instrument evaluation orselection, or both.3.2 The goal is to provide test methods that are reliable andcan be performed by a sufficiently skilled end user o
11、r manu-facturer in the hope that it will result in a better understandingof the operation of radiation thermometers and also promoteimproved communication between the manufacturers and theend users. A user without sufficient knowledge and experienceshould seek assistance from the equipment makers or
12、 otherexpert sources, such as those found at the National Institute ofStandards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland.3.3 Use these test methods with the awareness that there areother parameters, particularly spectral response limits andtemperature resolution, which impact the use and characteriz
13、a-tion of radiation thermometers for which test methods have notyet been developed.3.3.1 Temperature resolution is the minimum simulated oractual change in target temperature that results in a usablechange in output or indication, or both. It is usually expressedas a temperature differential or a pe
14、rcent of full-scale value, orboth, and usually applies to value measured. The magnitude ofthe temperature resolution depends upon a combination of fourfactors: detector noise equivalent power (NEP) or noiseequivalent temperature, electronic signal processing, signal-to-noise characteristics (includi
15、ng amplification noise), andanalog-to-digital conversion “granularity.”1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTemperature Measurement and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.02on Radiation Thermometry.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published Dece
16、mber 2007. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1256 95 (2001).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 9 02:45:09 EST 2009Downloaded/pri
17、nted byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.3.3.2 Spectral response limits are the upper and lower limitsto the wavelength band of radiant energy to which theinstrument responds. These limits are generally expressed inmicrometers (m) and include the eff
18、ects of all elements in themeasuring optical path. At the spectral response limits, thetransmission of the measuring optics is 5 % of peak transmis-sion (see Fig. 1).4. Apparatus4.1 The following apparatus, set up as illustrated in Fig. 2,can be used to perform the standard tests for all six paramet
19、ers.4.1.1 Reference Temperature SourceA blackbody (orother stable isothermal radiant source of high and knownemissivity) with an opening diameter at least as large as thatspecified in these test methods.NOTE 1Typical examples include nearly isothermal furnaces withinternal geometries, such as a sphe
20、re with an opening small relative to itsradius, or a right circular cylinder with one end closed having a radiussmall relative to its length. Consult footnote2for greater detail.4.1.2 Temperature IndicatorEither contact or radiometric,which accurately displays the temperature of the referencetempera
21、ture source.4.1.3 Shutter MechanismOf sufficient size so as to com-pletely block the opening of the reference temperature sourcefrom the field of view of the test instrument. The shuttermechanism shall activate in a time interval that is short whencompared with the response time of the test instrume
22、nt.4.1.4 Iris DiaphragmOf sufficient size so that when fullyopen the iris diameter is greater than the opening of thereference temperature source. It shall be located with itsopening concentric with and perpendicular to the line of sightof the radiation thermometer.4.1.4.1 The side of the diaphragm
23、facing the radiationthermometer should be blackened (nearly nonreflective) so asto minimize the effect of radiation reflected from the surround-ing environment. In addition the iris should be shaded fromsources of intense extraneous radiation. (See Note 9).4.1.5 Aperture SetIf an iris diaphragm is n
24、ot available, anaperture disc set of appropriate diameters can be used. Eachaperture should be blackened and also mounted and protectedfrom extraneous sources of radiation as discussed in 4.1.4.1.4.1.6 Data Acquisition SystemsOf appropriate speed andstorage capacity to measure and record the output
25、signal of theradiation thermometer in the Response Time Test Method,Section 9.4.1.7 Power SupplyCapable of supplying the proper volt-age and frequency, if necessary, to the radiation thermometer.5. Calibration Accuracy Test Method5.1 SummaryThis test method outlines the procedure tobe used to evalua
26、te the maximum deviation between thetemperature indicated by the radiation thermometer and theknown temperature of a reference temperature source, includ-ing the uncertainty of the reference temperature source relativeto the current International Temperature Scale.5.2 Test Conditions:5.2.1 Rated sup
27、ply voltage and frequency.5.2.2 Prescribed warm-up period.5.2.3 After execution of internal standardization check (ifavailable).5.2.4 Emissivity compensation set to one (1).5.2.5 Minimum opening of the reference temperature sourceshall not obstruct the field of view of the radiation thermometerwith
28、the test aperture as specified by the manufacturer.5.2.6 Laboratory ambient temperature range (20 to 25 C).5.2.7 Manufacturer shall specify any special conditionssuch as atmospheric absorption effects, target distance, etc.5.2.8 Manufacturer shall specify the output for determiningthe indicated temp
29、erature.5.3 Test Method:5.3.1 The radiation thermometer is sighted at the referencetemperature source whose temperature is sequentially stabi-lized at three calibration points distributed uniformly over themeasurement range of the instrument.5.3.2 The temperature of the reference temperature sourcea
30、nd the temperature indicated by the radiation thermometer arerecorded, then the difference between the two values iscalculated and recorded (see Fig. 3).5.3.3 The test sequence is repeated twice for the same threecalibration points, and an average temperature difference iscalculated and recorded for
31、 each calibration point.5.4 Test ResultThe value for the calibration accuracy ofthe temperature indication of the radiation thermometer istaken to be the largest of the three average temperaturedifferences determined in 5.3.2 plus or minus the uncertainty ofthe temperature of the reference temperatu
32、re source relative tothe current International Temperature Scale.NOTE 2The calibration accuracy is generally expressed as a tempera-ture difference or a percent of full-scale value, or both.NOTE 3The value applies across the entire measurement range.NOTE 4If the reference temperature source is measu
33、red with otherthan a calibrated reference or secondary standard radiation thermometer,then the emissivity of the source enters into the calibration of the testradiation thermometer.2DeWitt, D. P., and Nutter, G. D., eds., “Theory and Practice of RadiationThermometry,” John Wiley and Sons, New York,
34、NY.FIG. 1 Spectral Response LimitsE 1256 95 (2007)2Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 9 02:45:09 EST 2009Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.6. Procedure6.1 Detailed directions for evaluation of each parameterlis
35、ted in 1.1 are included in each parameter test method.6.2 Each parameter test method is organized by: parameterterm, summary, test conditions, test method, test result, andapplicable notes.7. Repeatability Test Method7.1 SummaryThis test method outlines the procedure tobe used to evaluate the repeat
36、ability of the temperatureindication of a radiation thermometer for a number of consecu-tive measurements made under the same conditions over aspecified interval of time.7.2 Test Conditions:7.2.1 Rated supply of voltage and frequency.7.2.2 Prescribed warm-up period.7.2.3 After execution of internal
37、standardization check (ifavailable).7.2.4 Diameter of the reference temperature source openingshall be greater than the radiation thermometer target size, asspecified by the manufacturer.7.2.5 Laboratory ambient temperature range (20 to 25 C).7.2.6 Emissivity compensation, if any, set to one (1).7.2
38、.7 Manufacturer shall specify any special conditionssuch as response time, atmospheric absorption effects, targetdistance, etc.FIG. 2 Test Method ApparatusFIG. 3 Worksheet for Calibration Accuracy Test MethodE 1256 95 (2007)3Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Fri Jan 9 02:45:09 EST 2009Do
39、wnloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.7.3 Test Method:7.3.1 Once a day for twelve consecutive working days, theradiation thermometer is sighted at the reference temperaturesource whose temperature is stabilized at the approximatemidpoi
40、nt of the radiation thermometer calibration range.NOTE 5The selected reference temperature source temperature shallbe reproduced for each of the twelve consecutive tests.7.3.2 The temperature of the reference temperature sourceand the temperature(s) indicated by the radiation thermometerduring each
41、days test are recorded.7.3.3 The radiation thermometer shall be switched off aftereach series of measurements.7.4 Test ResultThe value for the repeatability of thereadings of the radiation thermometer is taken to be thestandard deviation of the twelve recorded readings.S.D. 5(i 5 1NXi2 X!2N 2 15 !(i
42、 5 1NXi22(i 5 1NXi!2NN 2 1where:S.D. = standard deviation,N = number of measurements,Xi= value of the ith measurement, andX=average of the twelve measurements =(i 5 1NXiN.NOTE 6The repeatability of the temperature indication is generallyexpressed as a temperature difference or a percent of full-scal
43、e value, orboth.NOTE 7The value for the repeatability can be applied across the entiremeasurement range, or, the same test can be performed at other selectedtemperatures across the measurement range in order to assess therepeatability of the radiation thermometer at those temperatures.8. Target Size
44、 Test Method8.1 SummaryThis test method outlines the procedure tobe used to evaluate the diameter of the circle located in thetarget plane of the reference temperature source, at a knowndistance along and perpendicular to a radiation thermometersline of sight, and from which 99 % of the radiant powe
45、rreceived by the radiation thermometer is collected (see Figs. 3and 4).8.2 Test Conditions:8.2.1 Rated supply voltage and frequency.8.2.2 Prescribed warm-up period.8.2.3 After execution of internal standardization check (ifapplicable).8.2.4 Laboratory ambient temperature range (20 to 25 C).8.2.5 Min
46、imum opening of the reference temperature sourceshall be large enough so as to not obstruct the optical path ofthe radiation thermometer, as specified by the manufacturer,when it is sighted through an aperture that is twice the diameterof the instruments target size at the plane of the aperture.NOTE
47、 8Some radiation thermometers have a target size so large thata commercially available reference temperature source cannot be used; aseparate test method is under preparation for use in such cases.8.2.6 Manufacturer shall specify any special conditionssuch as atmospheric absorption effects, distance
48、, how andwhen to clean the radiation thermometer lens, etc.8.3 Test Method:8.3.1 The temperature of the reference temperature source isstabilized at a value near the top of the calibration range of theradiation thermometer.8.3.2 The iris is positioned in the front of and concentricwith the opening o
49、f the reference temperature source (asillustrated in Fig. 2). The iris is then adjusted to a diameterslightly smaller (typically 10 %) than the expected targetdiameter.NOTE 9The iris should be kept cool enough so that its thermalemission does not contribute significantly to the output signal. Uncoveringthe iris quickly can minimize heating, but this requires care. Evaluation ofthe error from this source requires computational procedures beyond thescope of this test method; a discussion of such procedures can be found infootnote 2. In most
