1、Designation: E1643 11 (Reapproved 2017)E1643 18Standard Practice forSelection, Design, Installation, and Inspection of WaterVapor Retarders Used in Contact with Earth or Granular FillUnder Concrete Slabs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1643; the number immediately following the
2、designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers proce
3、dures for selecting, designing, installing, and inspecting flexible, prefabricated sheet membranesin contact with earth or granular fill used as vapor retarders under concrete slabs.1.2 Conditions subject to frost and either heave or hydrostatic pressure, or both, are beyond the scope of this practi
4、ce. Vaporretarders are not intended to provide a waterproofing function.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This st
5、andard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use
6、.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T
7、rade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1745 Specification for Plastic Water Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete SlabsE1993/E1993M Specification for Bituminous Water Vapor Retarders Used in Contact with Soil or Granular Fill Under Concre
8、teSlabsF710 Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Flooring2.2 Other Standard:3ACI 302.2R06 Guide for Concrete Slabs that Receive Moisture-Sensitive Flooring Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Vapor retarders provide a method of limiting water vapor transmission and capillary t
9、ransport of water upward throughconcrete slabs on grade, which can adversely affect floor finishes and interior humidity levels.3.2 Adverse impacts include adhesion loss, warping, peeling, and unacceptable appearance of resilient flooring; deteriorationof adhesives, ripping or separation of seams, a
10、nd air bubbles or efflorescence beneath seamed, continuous flooring; damage to flatelectrical cable systems, buckling of carpet and carpet tiles, offensive odors, growth of fungi, and undesired increases to interiorhumidity levels.4. Manufacturers Recommendations4.1 Where inconsistencies occur betwe
11、en this practice and the manufacturers instructions, conform to the manufacturersinstructions for installation of vapor retarder.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21 on Serviceability.Curre
12、nt edition approved March 1, 2017Jan. 1, 2018. Published March 2017February 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20112017 asE1643-11. -11 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/E1643-11R17.10.1520/E1643-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactA
13、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete.org.This docu
14、ment is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as
15、appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Material, Design, and Construction5.1 See ACI 302.2R06
16、 for material, design, and construction recommendations.5.2 See Specifications E1745 and E1993/E1993M for vapor retarder specifications.5.3 Vapor Retarder Material SelectionThe following criteria should be considered when selecting a vapor retarder material.5.3.1 Local building code and regulatory r
17、equirements.5.3.1.1 Comply with local building code and regulatory requirements as a minimum consideration.5.3.2 The water-vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material.5.3.2.1 The water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material shall be at such a rate so that adverse impacts to floor finishes
18、and coatings do not occur5.3.2.2 Refer to X1.6 for discussion on water vapor transmission rate of vapor retarder.5.3.2.3 The perm rating determined under these criteria shall supersede that in references 5.2 should this value be less thanrequired under references in 5.2.5.3.3 The types and amounts o
19、f deleterious compounds in the soil on the building site.5.3.3.1 Review building site soil analyses for deleterious materials and compounds and select a vapor retarder material that willwithstand exposure to such deleterious materials or compounds.5.3.4 The tensile strength and puncture resistance o
20、f the vapor retarder material.5.3.4.1 Select a vapor retarder material capable of withstanding potential construction site damage.5.3.5 The type of base material on which the vapor retarder is to be installed.5.3.5.1 Select vapor retarder material capable of withstanding tear or puncture damage due
21、to the type, gradation, and textureof the base material to be installed below the material. Prepare base material to minimize risk of puncture, for example, by rollingor compacting.5.3.6 The expected exposure of the vapor retarder to ultraviolet rays.5.3.6.1 Assess expected exposure of the vapor ret
22、arder material to ultra violet rays and select a material capable of withstandingsuch exposure and maintain its capability to perform its intended function.6. Placement6.1 Level and compact base material.6.2 Install vapor retarder material with the longest dimension parallel with the direction of co
23、ncrete pour.6.3 Face laps away from the expected direction of the concrete pour whenever possible.6.4 Extend vapor retarder over footings and seal to foundation wall, grade beam, or slab at an elevation consistent with the topof the slab or terminate at impediments such as water stops or dowels. Sea
24、l around penetrations such as utilities and columns inorder to create a monolithic membrane between the surface of the slab and moisture sources below the slab as well as at the slabperimeter.6.5 Lap joints minimum 6 in. (150 mm), or as instructed by the manufacturer, and seal laps in accordance wit
25、h themanufacturers recommendations.6.6 Extend vapor retarder over the tops of pile caps and grade beams to a distance acceptable to the structural engineer andterminate as recommended by the manufacturer.7. Protection7.1 Take precautions to protect vapor retarder from damage during installation of r
26、einforcing steel, utilities and concrete.7.2 Use reinforcing bar supports with base sections that minimize the potential for puncture of the vapor retarder.7.3 Avoid use of stakes driven through the vapor retarder.7.4 Refer to ACI 302.2R06 for discussion of aggregate for protection of vapor retarder
27、, including the risks of installingaggregate fill above a vapor retarder that can act as a reservoir for water.8. Inspection and Repair8.1 Inspect and mark all areas of damage and insufficient installation of the vapor retarder sufficiently in advance of concreteplacement such that deficiencies may
28、be corrected before concrete is placed.8.2 Repair vapor retarder damaged during placement of reinforcing or concrete with vapor barrier materialdamaged areas priorto concrete placement with vapor retarder material lapped and sealed minimum of 6 in. (150 mm) beyond damaged area or asinstructed by man
29、ufacturer.8.3 Lap beyond damaged areas a minimum of 6 in. (50 mm) and seal as prescribed for sheet joints.8.4 Avoid the use of non-permanent stakes driven through vapor retarder.E1643 1828.5 If non-permanent stakes are driven through vapor retarder, repair as recommended by vapor retarder manufactur
30、er.8.6 Seal permanent penetrations as recommended by vapor retarder manufacturer.9. Slab Moisture Content9.1 Moisture Conditions of SlabFollowing placement of the concrete and acclimatization of the building, comply withPractice F710 and floor covering manufacturers recommendations for any specified
31、 tests for moisture emissions from or moisturecontent of the slab on grade. Review written report(s) on test results prior to the installation of the floor covering or coatinginstallation. Obtain written approval of acceptable slab conditions from the floor covering manufacturer and project designpr
32、ofessional.9.2 See ACI 302.2R06.10. Keywords10.1 concrete slabs; vapor; vapor retarderAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PRE-DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSX1.1 Planning and Organization of ConstructionTo avoid ambiguities, redundancies, conflicts, and omissions, plan theorganization and coordination of dr
33、awings and specifications so that graphic, dimensional, and descriptive information onsubgrade, granular base, vapor retarder, and protection course, if any, appears in only one place. Since the relationship of thesubgrade (pad) elevation (usually shown on grading plans) to the rest of the building
34、finish floor elevations and finished site gradesis a function of the depth of the granular base and protection course, these dimensions should be shown in only one place. Forgraphic depictions and dimensions of the granular base and the protection course, the architectural drawings are preferred, bu
35、tstructural drawings are sometimes used. Specifications for sub-base conditions should be in the grading section. Specifications forbase, vapor retarder, and protection course should be in the section on concrete, but there are advocates of a separate section inDivision 7 for the vapor retarder syst
36、em. Examination and testing of surface conditions should be in appropriate finish sections.X1.2 SchedulingDetermine if slab drying will be on the critical path for schedule occupancy. If so, plan measures to reducedrying times, mitigate moisture, or select floor finish materials not subject to damag
37、e by moisture.X1.3 GeotechnicalEnsure that the geotechnical survey includes comprehensive and reliable information on subsurface watertable levels and the hydrology of geological strata as well as historical data on surface flooding and hydrology. The survey shouldalso include a list of compounds an
38、d concentration levels that are deleterious to plastic materials. The geotechnical study shouldconsider not only the past but also the projected change from ongoing or anticipated development patterns. Soils with comparablyhigher clay contents are particularly troublesome because the relatively high
39、 capillary action within the clay allows moisture torise under the slab.X1.4 CivilEnsure that site topographic surveys and grading plans accurately and comprehensively establish surface drainagecharacteristics for the site and surrounding areas.X1.5 Landscape and IrrigationMost traditional geotechni
40、cal studies do not take into account the post-construction change inground moisture conditions due to introduced planting and irrigation which is a major problem. For example, in California coastalareas, the average annual rainfall is about 18 in. (457 mm). Turf irrigation amounting to 1.3 in. (33 m
41、m) of water per week overthe normal seven-month dry season will increase this to nearly 60 in. (1524 mm) with almost no runoff. It is not enough to assumethat irrigation will simply duplicate natural conditions encountered during the wet season. The landscape architect, geotechnicalengineer, and civ
42、il engineer should closely coordinate design recommendations to avoid moisture problems introduced orexacerbated by landscape planting and irrigation. Once a project is completed, effective irrigation management is instrumental notonly in water conservation but also in avoiding potential building-re
43、lated moisture problems.E1643 183X1.6 Water Vapor Permeance of Vapor RetarderIn order to prevent moisture damage to the slab on grade, floor coveringsystems and floor coating systems the water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material shall be such that accumulation ofmoisture in the slab throu
44、gh the vapor retarder material does not occur. The vapor pressures of the below grade environment andthe interior environment shall be calculated and analyzed. For humidity sensitive interior environments, calculate the effect ofvapor diffusion through the vapor retarder, slab on grade and, if appli
45、cable, the floor covering or coating on the interior humiditylevels. Select a vapor retarder material with a water vapor permeance rating that will maintain interior humidity levels withinspecified tolerances. The water vapor permeance of flooring material or coating shall be obtained, if available.
46、 Calculate theamount of moisture entering the slab through the vapor retarder material. Calculate the amount of moisture that can diffuse throughthe flooring material. Insure that the water vapor permeance of the vapor retarder material does not allow accumulation of moisturewithin the slab due to w
47、ater vapor permeance of the flooring material. Analyze soil temperatures with regard to heat flux throughthe slab on grade as well as interior temperature and RH levels. Determine if conditions exist for a dew point within the slab. Ifsuch conditions can potentially exist, analyze the amount of mois
48、ture accumulation within the slab versus the drying potential ofthe slab through its top surface, and if applicable, through the floor covering system to determine if prolonged and detrimentalwetting of the slab will occur. If so, incorporate measures to eliminate conditions for a dew point to occur
49、. One such measure isinstalling an insulation layer directly below the slab and vapor retarder.X1.7 Moisture Entrapment Due to Rainfall or Ground Water IntrusionMoisture entrapment can occur beneath slabs when thevapor retarder is placed below a fill course or vapor retarder protection layer, and the fill material takes on water from rainfall,saw-cutting, curing, cleaning or other sources. If a fill course or vapor retarder protection layer is used, the extent of moistureentrapment can be reduced by scheduling concrete placements before rainfall and by sealing a
