1、Designation: E1686 10Standard Guide forApplying Environmental Noise Measurement Methods andCriteria1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1686; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers many measurement methods andcriteria for evaluating environmental noise. It includes thefollowing:1.1.1 The use
3、of weightings, penalties, and normalizationfactors;1.1.2 Types of noise measurements and criteria, indicatingtheir limitations and best uses;1.1.3 Sources of criteria;1.1.4 Recommended procedures for criteria selection;1.1.5 A catalog of selected available criteria; and1.1.6 Suggested applications o
4、f sound level measurementsand criteria.1.2 Criteria SelectionThis guide will assist users in se-lecting criteria for the following:1.2.1 Evaluating the effect of existing or potential outdoorsounds on a community; or1.2.2 Establishing or revising local noise ordinances, codes,or bylaws, including pe
5、rformance standards in zoning regula-tions.1.3 Reasons for CriteriaThis guide discusses the manyreasons for noise criteria, ways sound can be measured andspecified, and advantages and disadvantages of the mostwidely used types of criteria. The guide refers the user toappropriate documents for more d
6、etailed information andguidance. The listing of specific criteria includes nationalgovernment regulatory requirements. Users needing furthergeneral background on sound and sound measurement aredirected to the books listed in the References section.1.4 Criteria in RegulationsCertain criteria are spec
7、ified tobe used by government regulation, law, or ordinance forspecific purposes. Ease of enforcement and cost impact ongovernment are considerations for these criteria. They may notbe the most appropriate criteria in some circumstances. Thisguide will discuss the limitations of these criteria.1.5 T
8、his standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docume
9、nts2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634 Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcousticsE966 Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne SoundAttenuation of Building Facades and Facade ElementsE1014 Guide for Measurement of Outdoor A-WeightedSound LevelsE1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Mea
10、-surements Using a Digital Statistical Sound AnalysisSystem2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI S1.1 Acoustical TerminologyANSI S1.4 Specification for Sound Level MetersANSI S1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital FiltersANSI S1.111966 Specification for Octave, Half-Oct
11、ave,and Third-Octave Band Filter SetsANSI S1.13 Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels in AirANSI S1.43 Specifications for Integrating-Averaging SoundLevel MetersANSI S3.4 Procedure for the Computation of Loudness ofNoiseANSI S3.14 Rating Noise with Respect to Speech Interfer-enceANSI S12.4 Method for
12、Assessment of High-Energy Impul-sive Sounds with Respect to Residential CommunitiesANSI S12.7 Methods for Measurement of Impulse NoiseANSI S12.9 Quantities and Procedures for Description andMeasurement of Environmental Sound, Part 1Part 2Measurement of Long-Term, Wide-Area Sound1This guide is under
13、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building andEnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 onCommunity Noise.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in E168602. DOI: 10.1520/E
14、1686-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute
15、 (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Available from American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Part
16、3Short Term Measurements with an ObserverPresentPart 4Noise Assessment and Prediction of Long-TermCommunity ResponsePart 5Sound Level Descriptors for Determination ofCompatible Land UsePart 6 Methods for Estimation ofAwakeningsAssociatedwith Outdoor Noise Events Heard in Homes2.3 ISO Standards:3ISO
17、532 AcousticsMethod for Calculating LoudnessLevelISO 1996 Assessment of Noise with Respect to CommunityResponseISO 1999 Acoustics Determination of occupational noiseexposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impair-mentISO 2204 Guide to the Measurement ofAirborneAcousticalNoise and Evaluation
18、of Its Effects on Man2.4 IEC Standard:4IEC Standard 61672 Electroacoustics-Sound Level Meters2.5 DIN Standard:5DIN 45692 Measurement technique for the simulation ofauditory sensation of sharpness (in German)3. Terminology3.1 GeneralThis guide provides guidance for variousmeasurement methods and crit
19、eria defined in other documents.Most acoustical terms used in both this and other ASTMstandards are defined in Terminology C634 along with theirabbreviations and symbols for use in equations.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing terms are not used in other ASTM standards:3
20、.2.1 community noise equivalent level (CNEL)see day-evening-night average sound level.3.2.2 day-evening-night average sound level, L*denwhere* is a letter denoting the frequency weighting (understood to beA if deleted), (dB), na time average sound level computedfor a calendar day period with the add
21、ition of 4.77 dB to alllevels between 7:00 pm and 10:00 pm, and 10 dB to all levelsafter 10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting is understoodunless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.3 day-night average sound level (DNL), L*denwhere *is a letter denoting the frequency weighting (understood to beA if del
22、eted), (dB), na time average sound level computedfor a calendar day period with the addition of 10 dB to alllevels after 10:00 pm and before 7:00 am. A-weighting isunderstood unless clearly stated otherwise.3.2.4 loudness, (sone), nthat attribute of auditory sensa-tion in terms of which sounds may b
23、e ordered on a scaleextending from soft to loud. ANSI S1.13.2.5 normalization, nas applied to the evaluation ofnoise in communities, the practice of adjusting a measuredsound level to compare to criteria that are based on conditionsdifferent from those present at the time or location of themeasureme
24、nt.3.2.6 sound exposure level,*SEL where * is a letter thatdenotes the frequency weighting (understood to be A ifdeleted), L*Ewhere * is a letter that denotes the frequencyweighting (understood to be A if deleted), (dB), nten timesthe logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of a given time integralof
25、 squared instantaneous frequency-weighted sound pressure,over a stated time interval or event, to the product of thesquared reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals andreference duration of one second.3.2.7 speech interference level, SIL, LSI, (db), none-fourthof the sum of the band sound pressur
26、e levels for octave bandswith nominal mid-band frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and4000 Hz.3.2.8 time above (s or min per h or day), nthe durationthat the sound level or time-average sound level exceeds acorresponding specified level during a specified total measure-ment period. If sound level is use
27、d, then the time weightingshall be specified; if time-average sound level is used, then themeasurement time interval for each sample shall be specified.The frequency weighting should be specified; otherwise, theA-weighting will be understood. The unit for time in the ratioshall be stated, for exampl
28、e, as seconds or minutes per hour orday. , Part 13.3 Index of TermsThe following commonly used termsare discussed in the sections referenced in this guide.Term ParagraphA-weighting 6.2C-weighting 6.2community noise equivalent level 8.5.3day-evening-night average sound level 8.5.3day-night average so
29、und level 8.5.2equivalent level 6.5 and 8.5.1fast, time weighting or sound level 6.3impulse, time weighting or sound level 6.3loudness 8.11maximum sound level 8.3normalization 7.4octave band, or 1/3 octave band 6.6 and 8.9peak sound pressure level 6.4 and 8.4percentile level 8.6slow, time weighting
30、or sound level 6.3sound exposure level 8.5.4speech interference level 8.10time above 8.7time average sound level 6.5 and 8.5.14. Significance and Use4.1 Evaluation of Environmental NoiseEnvironmentalnoise is evaluated by comparing a measurement or predictionof the noise to one or more criteria. Ther
31、e are many differentcriteria and ways of measuring and specifying noise, depend-ing on the purpose of the evaluation.4.2 Selection of CriteriaThis guide assists in selecting theappropriate criteria and measurement method to evaluate noise.In making the selection, the user should consider the followi
32、ng:purpose of the evaluation (compatibility, activity interference,aesthetics, comfort, annoyance, health effects, hearing damage,etc.); type of data that are available or could be available(A-weighted, octave-band, average level, maximum level,day-night level, calibrated recordings including .wav f
33、iles from4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut furNormung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.en.din
34、.de.E1686 102which various measurements could be made, etc.); availablebudget for instrumentation and manpower to obtain that data;and regulatory or legal requirements for the use of a specificcriterion. After selecting a measurement method, the usershould consult appropriate references for more det
35、ailed guid-ance.4.3 Objective versus Subjective EvaluationsThe overallsound environment as perceived outdoors is often called asoundscape. Soundscapes have both objective (quantitative)and subjective (qualitative) attributes. This guide is limited tothe objective measurement and evaluation of sound
36、foundoutdoors though the criteria used may be influenced byqualitative factors. Current soundscape research involvesevaluation methods and criteria that rely extensively on quali-tative factors, both acoustical and non-acoustical, while includ-ing requirements for quantitative sound measurement. Two
37、basic tenets of quantitative soundscape measurements are thatthe ambient sound at a location is comprised of a combinationof specific acoustic events that can be measured individuallyand in combinations; and that the sounds should be measuredusing methods that represent the ways in which they are he
38、ardby people. (1)65. Bases of Criteria5.1 Most criteria for environmental noise are based on theprevention of problems for people. However, there are criteriafor evaluating effects on animals, physical damage to struc-tures, or reduced utility of property. When selecting criteria toevaluate a situat
39、ion, it is very important to recognize the manydifferent problems that may be caused by the noise. Sound-scape methods address aesthetic components of sounds andprovide for comfortable or satisfying sounds in addition topreventing noise problems. (1)5.1.1 Health ImpactsDamage to human hearing is the
40、best documented effect of noise on health, with the bestestablished criteria. Damage depends on sound levels andexposure time. Most noise-induced hearing loss is due toexposure over several years. People are often annoyed by noiseat a much lower level than that required to damage hearing.This annoya
41、nce causes stress that can aggravate some physicalconditions. Criteria for preventing these problems are usuallybased on annoyance. Research has shown some physicalreactions of the human body to sound including cardiovasculareffects such as elevation of blood pressure, mean respiratoryvolume, intest
42、inal irritation and endocrine system responsesamong others. Pyscho-social effects of noise including agita-tion, withdrawal, anxiety and depression among others havealso been identified in the literature. (2, 3, 4)5.1.2 Speech or Communication InterferenceSpeechcommunication is essential to the dail
43、y activities of mostpeople. There are criteria for the background sound levelsneeded to allow such communication.5.1.3 Sleep InterferenceHigh levels of sound and changesin sound level affect the quality of sleep or awaken sleepers.See ANSI S12.9 Part 6.5.1.4 Task InterferenceHigh sound levels can ei
44、therhinder or improve the performance of a task. The effectdepends on the nature of the task as well as the sound.5.1.5 Annoyance and Community ReactionAnnoyanceand community reaction are different effects. Annoyance is apersonal reaction to noise. Community reaction is evidencedby complaints to aut
45、horities. Some people are annoyed but donot complain. Some people use noise as an excuse to complainwhen they are not annoyed directly by a sound. Often annoy-ance and reaction are related to speech or sleep interference,reduced environmental aesthetics, or the effect of these factorson the utility
46、and value of property. Many of the criteriadeveloped for noise in residential communities are based onsurvey studies of annoyance or on adverse community reactiondirected to public officials.5.1.6 Noise CharacteristicsCertain quantitative criteriacan be used to further restrict sounds that have been
47、 found tobe particularity noticeable, intrusive or to increase perceivedannoyance especially if persistent. Often such sounds containstrong discrete tones or are otherwise unbalanced in spectralcontent. Spectral criteria are used to specify or evaluate theaesthetic quality of the sound present. Some
48、 criteria can beused to evaluate whether a sound is rumbly or hissy, or has aperceptible or prominent tone. Other particularly noticeablesounds include information contained in speech or music aswell as impulsive sounds from gunshots, bass music beats,hammering, etc. Such sounds are sometimes restri
49、cted tonumerically lower overall A-weighted sound levels in ordi-nances and regulations. C-weighted limits or octave-bandlimits are sometimes used for sounds with strong low-frequency content that are also time variant such as music, butcare must be used that such limits are not inappropriatelyapplied to steady sounds when the problem is the timevariation. When sound levels vary strongly from an average,such as with aircraft overflights or occasional heavy truckpassbys, criteria that identify the variation such as “timeabove” or statistical count
