1、Designation: E1778 98a (Reapproved 2015)Standard Terminology Relating toPavement Distress1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology provides definitions for pavementdistress for airfields, highways, roads, streets, and parking lotsof all functional classi
3、fications.1.2 This terminology covers surfaces paved with eitherbituminous or portland cement concrete. It does not includeother paved or unpaved surfaces.1.3 This terminology includes most of the significant typesof pavement surface distresses, but it is not all inclusive.1.4 Not all distresses not
4、ed are applicable to all pavementcategories listed in 1.1.1.5 Severity levels are not addressed in this terminology butare addressed in other ASTM test methods and practices (forexample, Test Method D5340). However, a knowledge ofseverity levels is required for evaluating many of the distressesdefin
5、ed in this terminology.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5340 Test Method for Airport Pavement Condition IndexSurveys3. TerminologyGENERALbituminous pavement, na pavement comprising an upperlayer or layers of aggregate mixed with a bituminous binder,such as asphalt, coal tars, and natural
6、tars for purposes of thisterminology; surface treatments such as chip seals, slurryseals, sand seals, and cape seals are also included.continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP),nPortland cement concrete pavement with sufficient lon-gitudinal steel reinforcement to control transverse crackspac
7、ings and openings in lieu of transverse contraction jointsfor accommodating concrete volume changes and loadtransfer.crack, nfissure or discontinuity of the pavement surface notnecessarily extending through the entire thickness of thepavement.depression, nlocalized pavement surface areas at a lowere
8、levation than the adjacent paved areas.free edge, nan unrestrained pavement boundary.joint, na discontinuity made necessary by design or byinterruption of a paving operation.joint seal deterioration, nany condition which enablesincompressible materials or water to infiltrate into a previ-ously seale
9、d joint from the surface.DISCUSSIONAbility to prevent water infiltration is an attribute thatcannot always be readily determined visually.jointed concrete pavement (JCP), n Portland cement con-crete pavement that has transverse joints placed at plannedintervals.lane-to-shoulder dropoff, n(highways,
10、roads and streetsonly) difference in elevation between the traveled surfaceand the shoulder surface.longitudinal cracking, ncracks in the pavement predomi-nantly parallel to the direction of traffic.pavement distress, nexternal indications of pavement de-fects or deterioration.portland cement concre
11、te pavement, n a pavement havinga surface of aggregate mixed with portland cement pastebinder or a mixture of portland cement and other pozzolans.pumping, n ejection of liquid or solid material or both frombeneath the pavement through a crack or joint.shoving, n the horizontal displacement of a loca
12、lized area ofthe pavement surface which may also include some verticaldisplacement.DISCUSSIONGenerally associated with turning, braking or acceler-ating vehicles. Can also be due to concrete expansion against adjacentbituminous pavement.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E
13、17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1778 98a (2008).DOI: 10.1520/E1778-98AR15.2
14、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
15、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1slippage cracking, n cracking associated with the horizontaldisplacement of a localized area of the pavement surface.swell, na hump in the pavement surface that may occur overa small area or as a longer, gradual wave; either type of swellcan be acc
16、ompanied by surface cracking.transverse cracking, ncracks in the pavement that arepredominantly perpendicular to the direction of traffic.BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DISTRESSESalligator (crocodile) cracking, n interconnected or inter-laced cracks forming a pattern which resembles an alliga-tors hide.bitumin
17、ous bleeding, n excess bitumen on the surface of thepavement, usually found in the wheel paths.block cracking, na pattern of cracks that divide the pave-ment into approximately rectangular pieces, ranging in sizefrom approximately 0.1 m2to 1.0 m2(1 ft2to 100 ft2).corrugation, ntransverse undulations
18、 at regular intervals inthe surface of the pavement consisting of alternate valleysand crests not more than1m(3ft)apart.edge cracking, ncrescent-shaped cracks or fairly continuouscracks that are located within 0.6 m (2 ft) of the pavementedge.jet-blast erosion, n( airfields only) darkened areas on t
19、hepavement surface where bituminous binder has been burnedor carbonized; localized burned areas may vary in depth upto approximately 15 mm (12 in.).oil spillage, na localized deterioration or softening of thepavement surface caused by the spilling of oil, fuel, or othersolvents.polished aggregate, n
20、exposed aggregate worn sufficientlysmooth to affect frictional characteristics.potholes, nbowl-shaped holes in the pavement surface,greater than 0.1 m (4 in.) in diameter, and more than 25 mm(1 in.) in depth.raveling, nloss of pavement surface material involving thedislodging of aggregate particles
21、and degradation of thebituminous binder.reflection cracking at joints, n cracks in bituminous overlaysurfaces that occur over concrete pavements at joints.rut, na contiguous longitudinal depression deviating from asurface plane defined by transverse cross slope and longitu-dinal profile.PORTLAND CEM
22、ENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTSURFACE DISTRESSESblowups, nlocalized upward movement of the pavementsurface at transverse joints or cracks, often accompaniedwith shattering of the concrete in that area.corner breaks, n( JCP only) a portion of the slab separatedby a crack that intersects the adjacent transvers
23、e andlongitudinal joints, describing approximately a 45 degreeangle with the direction of traffic where the length of thesides is from 0.3 m (1 ft) to one half the width of the slab.durability “D” cracking, nclosely spaced crescent-shapedhairline cracking pattern that initiates adjacent to joints,cr
24、acks, or free edges, first manifesting itself at the intersec-tion of joints, cracks or free edges; dark coloring of thecracking pattern and surrounding area often exists with “D”cracking.faulting of joints and cracks, n difference in elevationacross a joint or crack.joint spalling, ncracking, break
25、ing, or chipping of concretepavement edges within 0.6 m (2 ft) of a joint.lane-to-shoulder separation, n(highways, roads and streetsonly) widening of the joint between the edge of the slab andthe shoulder.map cracking, na series of interconnected cracks that extendonly into the upper portion of the
26、slab.patch, na portion of pavement surface which has beenreplaced or where additional material has been applied to thepavement after original construction.popouts, nsmall holes in the pavement surface, normallyranging in diameter from 25 mm (1 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.)and depth from 13 mm (0.5 in.) to
27、50 mm (2 in.).pumping, nejection of water, material, or both from beneaththe pavement through a crack or joint.DISCUSSIONThe mechanism for ejection is not necessarily limited totraffic loading.punchouts, na broken area of a concrete slab bounded byclosely spaced cracks (usually less than1m(3ft).scal
28、ing, nthe deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface,normally 3 mm (0.125 in.) to 13 mm (0.5 in.) in depth,resulting in the loss of surface mortar.transverse construction joint deterioration, n(CRCP only)series of closely spaced transverse cracks or a large numberof interconnecting cracks occu
29、rring near a construction joint.4. Significance and Use4.1 This terminology provides a reference for definingpavement distress types regardless of the ultimate intended usefor the data or the amount, or both, of pavement to be surveyed.4.2 This terminology may be used with both manual andautomated d
30、istress surveys. The terminology will allow equip-ment manufacturers to develop automated methodologies thatwill help address the needs of agencies at all levels ofgovernment, based on a common set of definitions, while at thesame time being readily adaptable for use with manualsurveying.4.3 This te
31、rminology will allow agencies to identify anddefine pavement distresses in the same terms. Similarly, itallows agencies at the same level to discuss and comparepavement surface distresses using common terms.E1778 98a (2015)24.4 There are many different uses for distress surveys;however, from an engi
32、neering point of view, the purpose forconducting these surveys may include one or more of thefollowing:4.4.1 Describe present pavement condition,4.4.2 Predict future pavement condition (deteriorationcurves),4.4.3 Identify current and future pavement maintenance andconstruction needs,4.4.4 Facilitate
33、 pavement maintenance and constructionprogramming,4.4.5 Determine effectiveness of alternative treatments,4.4.6 Select maintenance treatment,4.4.7 Identify needed spot improvements, and4.4.8 Develop maintenance and construction quantity esti-mates.5. Hazards5.1 The collection of pavement distress in
34、formation is ahazardous activity generally conducted in the presence ofoperational traffic. If the facility is closed for inspection, allregulatory and professional practice standards must be appliedto provide traffic protection and traffic control for thosepersonnel in the work zone.5.2 If the data
35、 are collected using an automated device thattravels at highway speeds, this activity should also be con-ducted in accordance with appropriate local and nationalregulatory methods and safety procedures. Appropriate adher-ence to traffic laws, common driving practices and safetymeasures is essential.
36、5.3 Traffic is a hazard to inspectors who must walk on thepavement to perform manual condition surveys. Inspectionmust be approved by and coordinated with the local authority.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) American Public Works Association, “APWA-COE Paver, Pave-ment Condition Index Field Manual, Asphalt”American
37、PublicWorks Association, “APWA-COE Paver, Pavement Condition In-dex Field Manual, Concrete”(2) Paterson, D. O., and Scullion, T., “Information Systems for RoadManagement: Draft Guidelines on System Design and Data Issues,”Policy Technical Paper INU77, Infrastructure and Urban Develop-ment Department
38、, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1990.(3) “Pavement Maintenance Management,” Technical Manual, TM5-623, Department of the Army.(4) Shahin, M. Y., Darter, M. I., and Kohn, S. D., et al, “Development ofa Pavement Maintenance Management System,” Vols I, II and V:Airfield Pavement Condition Rating, U.S. Ai
39、r Force Civil Engineer-ing Center, 1976.(5) Kohn, S. D., and Shahin, M. Y., “Evaluation of the PavementCondition Index for Use on Porous Friction Surfaces,” TechnicalReport No. M-351, U.S. Army Construction Engineering ResearchLaboratory, Champaign, IL, 1984.(6) “Distress Identification Manual for t
40、he Long-Term Pavement Per-formance Project,” SHRP-P-338 , Strategic Highway ResearchProgram, National Research Council, 1993.(7) Yoder , E., and Witczak, M., Principles of Pavement Design, SecondEdition, John Wiley or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 98a (2015)3
