1、Designation: E1943 98 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide forRemediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation atPetroleum Release Sites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriateness ofremediation by natural attenuation and imp
3、lementing remedia-tion by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site,either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination withother remedial actions.1.2 Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternativefor containment and reduction of the mass and concentration ofpetroleum h
4、ydrocarbons in the environment to protect humanhealth and the environment. Remediation by natural attenua-tion depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation,dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption toattenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve reme-dial goals
5、.NOTE 1Remedial goals must be established through another processas determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.1.3 In general, remediation by natural attenuation shouldnot be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination ofwhether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate foran indiv
6、idual petroleum release site, relative to site-specificremedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment ofpotential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control,and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to otherremedial action technologies. Application and implementationof
7、 remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration ofremedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use ofconverging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring andevaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site,remediation by natural attenuation is a process for risk
8、man-agement and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should beconducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenua-tion will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.1.3.1 The primary line of evidence for remediation bynatural attenuation is provided by observed reductions inplume geomet
9、ry and observed reductions in concentrations ofthe constituents of concern at the site.1.3.2 Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natu-ral attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators ofnaturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuationrates.1.3.3 Additional optional lines
10、of evidence can be providedby microbiological information and further analysis of primaryand secondary lines of evidence such as through solutetransport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.1.4 The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediationby natural attenuation for petroleum hydr
11、ocarbon constituentswhere ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground waterimpacts are often linked, this guide does not address naturalattenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situationswhere soils containing constituents of concern exist without anassociated ground water impact.
12、Even if natural attenuation isselected as the remedial action for ground water, additionalremedial action may be necessary to address other completedexposure pathways at the site.1.5 This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation orenhanced attenuation.1.6 Also, while much of what is discussed
13、is relevant toother organic chemicals or constituents of concern, thesesituations will involve additional considerations not addressedin this guide.1.7 The guide is organized as follows:1.7.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.1.7.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.1.7.3 Section 4
14、describes the significance and use of thisguide.1.7.4 Section 5 provides an overview of the use of naturalattenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;1.7.4.1 Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation asa remedial alternative;1.7.4.2 Limitations of remediation by natural attenuatio
15、n asa remedial alternative; and1.7.4.3 Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate theappropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-i
16、ty of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E194398 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/E1943-98R15.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7.5 Section 6 describes the decision process for appropri-ate application and implementation of remediation by naturalattenuation including;1.7.5.1 Initial response, site characterization, selection ofchemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;1.7.5.2
18、 Evaluation of plume status;1.7.5.3 Collection and evaluation of additional data;1.7.5.4 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation per-formance to remedial goals;1.7.5.5 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation toother remedial options;1.7.5.6 Implementation of a continued monitoring program;
19、1.7.5.7 Evaluation of progress of remediation by naturalattenuation; and1.7.5.8 No further action.1.7.6 Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.1.7.7 Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;1.7.8 Appendix X2 describes site characterization require-ments for evaluating remediation
20、 by natural attenuation;1.7.9 Appendix X3 describes considerations for designingand implementing monitoring for remediation by natural at-tenuation;1.7.10 Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations andanalytical methods for determining indicator parameters forremediation by natural attenuation;1.
21、7.11 Appendix X5 describes the interpretation of differentlines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;1.7.12 Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation andquantification of natural attenuation rates; and1.7.13 Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrat-ing the application and impl
22、ementation of remediation bynatural attenuation.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of any
23、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-tivity of WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAugerBoringsD149
24、8 Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential ofWaterD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange
25、in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Testing for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquif
26、ers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for
27、 Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD4372 Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used inCamping Tentage (Withdrawn 2002)3D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4658 Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Wa
28、terD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity
29、 of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery MethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAquifersD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-in
30、g the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer (Withdrawn2015)3E1599 Guide for Corrective Action for Petroleum Releases(Withdrawn 2002)3E1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContami
31、nated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release SitesE1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Con-firmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn2013)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 assimilative capacitya semi
32、-quantitative estimate ofthe potential mass of hydrocarbons per unit volume of groundwater that can be metabolized by aerobic and anaerobicbiodegradation under existing site conditions.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
33、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.E1943 98 (2015)23.1.2 attenuation ratemeasured reduction in concentra-tion or mass of a comp
34、ound with time or distance expressed asan amount of reduction per unit time or per unit distance.3.1.3 conceptual site modela written or pictorial represen-tation of an environmental system and the biological, physical,and chemical processes that determine the transport of con-stituents of concern f
35、rom sources through environmental mediato environmental receptors within the system.3.1.4 constituents of concernspecific petroleum constitu-ents that are identified as posing a potential risk to humanhealth or the environment.3.1.5 corrective actionactions taken to identify and cleanup a release of
36、 petroleum. These activities include siteassessment, interim remedial action, remedial action, operationand maintenance of equipment, monitoring of progress, andtermination of the remedial action.3.1.6 electron acceptorselements or compounds that arereduced by receiving electrons produced by the oxi
37、dation oforganic compounds through microbial metabolism or abioticchemical oxidation processes.3.1.7 expanding plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is continuing to move outward or down gradientfrom the source area.3.1.8 institutional controlsthe restriction on use or access(for example,
38、fences, deed restrictions, restrictive zoning) to asite or facility to eliminate or minimize potential exposure to aconstituent(s) of concern.3.1.9 monitoring pointsa monitoring well or other moni-toring device placed in a selected location for observingparameters such as liquid levels or pressure c
39、hanges, or forcollecting liquid samples. The monitoring point may be casedor uncased, but if cased the casing should have openings toallow flow of borehole liquid into or out of the casing(modified from Test Method D4750).3.1.10 natural attenuationreduction in mass or concentra-tion of a compound in
40、 ground water over time or distance fromthe source of constituents of concern due to naturally occurringphysical, chemical, and biological processes, such as;biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, and volatiliza-tion.3.1.11 optional lines of evidencesolute transportmodeling, estimates of as
41、similative capacity (to estimate themass of BTEX and other constituents of concern degraded),and microbiological studies.3.1.12 plumevolume of ground water where constituentsof concern are present.3.1.13 point of compliancea location(s) selected betweenthe source area(s) and potential point(s) of ex
42、posure whereconcentrations of constituents of concern must be at or belowthe determined ground water target levels.3.1.14 primary lines of evidencehistorical concentrationdata are the primary line of evidence for natural attenuation andare based on measured petroleum hydrocarbon constituentconcentra
43、tions over time to define the plume as shrinking,stable, or expanding similar to the first line of evidencesuggested by NRC (1993).43.1.15 receptorpersons, structures, utilities, ecologicalreceptors, and water supply wells that are or may be adverselyaffected by a release.3.1.16 remedial goalsremedi
44、ation objectives establishedto protect human health and the environment. Remedial goalsmay be concentration-based target levels applied at specificpoints throughout the plume or performance-based criteria,such as demonstrated containment of the solute plume ordemonstrated reduction in concentrations
45、 of constituents ofconcern over time within the plume or with distance from thesource area.3.1.17 remediation/remedial actionactivities conducted toprotect human health, safety, and the environment. Theseactivities include evaluating risk, making no further actiondeterminations, monitoring, and desi
46、gning and operatingcleanup equipment.3.1.18 remediation by natural attenuationa remedy wherenaturally occurring physical, chemical, and biological pro-cesses will achieve remedial goals. The use of natural attenu-ation processes as a remedial action also has been described bya variety of other terms
47、, such as intrinsic remediation, intrinsicbioremediation, passive remediation, natural biodegradation,passive bioremediation, etc. Remediation by natural attenua-tion does not include remediation methods that require humanintervention beyond monitoring.3.1.19 secondary lines of evidencegeochemical i
48、ndicatorsof naturally occurring biodegradation and estimates of naturalattenuation rate.3.1.20 sentinel wellmonitoring points established at alocation(s) between the leading edge of the solute plume and asensitive receptor (for example, drinking water well) to ensurethat there will be time for other
49、 remedial actions to be taken, ifthe plume does migrate beyond predicted boundaries.3.1.21 shrinking plumeconfiguration where the soluteplume margin is receding back toward the source area overtime and the concentrations at points within the plume aredecreasing over time.3.1.22 source areathe location of free phase liquid hydro-carbons or the location of highest soil and ground waterconcentrations of constituents of concern.3.1.23 stable plumeconfiguration where the solute plumemargin is stationary over time and concentrations at pointswithin the plume are rel
