1、Designation: E 1971 05Standard Guide forStewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial andInstitutional Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners andoperators of commercial and institutional buildings in thestewardshi
3、p of cleaning and housekeeping operations. Thefocus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activitiesand processes, to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability, andto avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaningpersonnel, the building structure itself, and the environment.Adh
4、erence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead togreater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costsand greater productivity (of occupants and cleaning personnel).1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a steward-ship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning pr
5、o-cesses, product selection, storage, usage, disposal, equipment,training of cleaning personnel and communication throughoutthe chain-of-commerce.1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation andmaintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning(HVAC) systems which can have a m
6、ajor impact on indoor airquality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC systemprovides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning person-nel, building occupants and the environment during or as aresult of the cleaning process.1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained byeither in
7、-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaningcontractor.1.5 This guide is not intended for construction relatedactivities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-up.1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide forcleaning personnel.1.7 This guide is not intended for use in res
8、idential build-ings.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may
9、 be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in
10、the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
11、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionE 833 Terminology for Building EconomicsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of Buildings2.2 O
12、ther Standards:ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E 631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Someof these terms are reprinted her
13、e for ease of use.3.1.3 life-cycle, n(1) the length of time over which aninvestment is analyzed; and E 833(2) consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system,from raw material acquisition or generation of natural re-sources to the final disposal. ISO 140403.1.3.1 DiscussionRefer to the distin
14、ction between LCAand LCC. through which vapors are released from materials.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.71 on Sustain-ability.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Origi
15、nallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1971 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
16、 ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 2 life-cycle assessment (LCA),
17、 na method of evalu-ating a product by reviewing the ecological impact over the lifeof the product.3.1.4.1 DiscussionAt each stage, the product and itscomponents are evaluated based upon materials and energyconsumed, and the pollution and waste produced. Life stagesinclude extraction of raw material
18、s, processing and fabrication,transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as the compilationand evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environ-mental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.3.1.5 life-cycle cost (L
19、CC) method, na technique of eco-nomic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costsof initial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tions (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of aninvestment decision (expressed in present or annual valueterms).3.1.5.1 Discussio
20、nLCC is distinct from LCA in that LCAis an environmental review methodology and LCC is aneconomic review methodology.3.1.6 non-renewable resource, na resource that exists in afixed amount in various places in the earths crust and thatcannot be replenished on a human time scale.3.1.6.1 DiscussionNon-
21、renewable resources have the po-tential for renewal only by geological, physical, and chemicalprocesses taking place over hundreds of millions of years.Non-renewable resources exist in various places in earthscrust. Examples include: iron ore, coal, and oil.3.1.7 perpetual resource, na resource that
22、 is virtuallyinexhaustible on a human time scale.3.1.7.1 DiscussionExamples include solar energy, tidalenergy, and wind energy.3.1.8 renewable resource, na resource that is grown,naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceedsdepletion of the usable supply of that resource.3.1.8.1 Discus
23、sionArenewable resource can be exhaustedif improperly managed. However, a renewable resource canlast indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examples include:trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.3.1.9 sustainability, nthe maintenance of ecosystem com-ponents and functions for futu
24、re generations.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chain-of-commercemanufacturers and suppliers ofraw materials; manufacturers, marketers, and distributors ofbuilding cleaning products (and systems/equipment); buildingowners and managers; building cleaning contractors; andcleani
25、ng personnel.3.2.2 commercial and institutional buildingsindoor orenclosed workspaces such as office buildings, educationalfacilities, health care facilities, retail establishments, and othersimilar facilities, but not including manufacturing and produc-tion facilities, warehouses, residences, and a
26、gricultural opera-tions.3.2.3 eco-effciencythe delivery of competitively pricedgoods and services that satisfy human needs and bring qualityof life, while progressively reducing negative ecological im-pacts and natural resource intensity throughout the life cycle, toa level at least in line with the
27、 Earths carrying capacity.3.2.4 hazardthe potential health or physical effect(s) at-tributable to a specific chemical, mixture, or physical agent.3.2.5 material safety data sheet (MSDS)a written orprinted material concerning a hazardous chemical which con-tains the information set forth in the OSHA
28、Hazard Commu-nication Standard (see paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200)(1).43.2.6 pollutantany substance that directly or indirectlycreates an adverse human health or environmental effect whenintroduced into any environmental media.53.2.7 pollution preventionthe act of reducing or eliminat-ing the us
29、e, release, or generation of a pollutant or potentialpollutant through source reduction, recycling, reuse, reclama-tion, or modification of operating practices.3.2.8 riskthe probability of deleterious health or environ-mental effects, (2).3.2.9 stewardshipcareful and responsible management,especiall
30、y with respect to avoiding negative environmentalimpacts and to promoting sustainability.3.2.10 worker participationthe involvement of cleaningpersonnel or their representatives, or both, in all aspects of thecleaning process; including product selection, evaluation andappropriate work practices, tr
31、aining, and communication ofhazards, and “the process of work.”4. Significance and Use4.1 Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms ofcreating cleaner, safer, and healthier surroundings by extractingharmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3).An improperly maintained indoor
32、 environment could give riseto biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matterand gases which can have serious health effects. These negativeimpacts may have adverse affects on worker productivityaffecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through in-creased complaints, absenteeism, inj
33、uries, asthmatic incidents,or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selectionof cleaning products and processes, along with failure to followlabel directions could result in injury or illness to cleaningpersonnel or building occupants. In addition, it may bedetrimental to the physical str
34、ucture and systems of thebuilding, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and opera-tors maintain the liability for the proper function of thebuilding and its impacts on the occupants and cleaningpersonnel.4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the develop-ment and preservation of a buildi
35、ng environment that isconsidered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing thestress on the overall environment as a result of routinemaintenance. The anticipated users of this guide includebuilding managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers anddistributors, union representatives, and buil
36、ding occupants whoserve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance4The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at theend of this standard.5It should be noted that ASTMs definition of Pollution Prevention is differentfrom some definitions used by the Enviro
37、nmental Protection Agency. See, forexample, 58Fed.Reg.6478 (Jan. 29, 1993, Council on Environmental Quality), and58Fed.Reg.41,981 (Aug. 6, 1993, Executive Order).E1971052of the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinentquestions regarding specific building environments in orderthat an appro
38、priate stewardship strategy may be developed, forexample:4.1.1.1 How is the building used?4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to beconsidered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?4
39、.1.1.5 Are there any special issues relevant to constructionand furnishings?4.1.1.6 Are there any issues relating to building age/architectural, such as historic preservation requirements?4.1.1.7 are there any engineering concerns, such as HVACsystems and natural ventilation?4.1.1.8 How is the quali
40、ty of cleaning being evaluated ormeasured?4.1.2 Regardless of the specific requirements, this guide willhelp in the formulation of a comprehensive plan resulting inreduced risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants, and theenvironment.4.2 This guide will help the building owner and operatorunder
41、stand the cleaning process through the following:4.2.1 The development of a stewardship plan (see Section6), will clarify the level of cleanliness that is required orexpected, and will ensure that the cleaning process is carriedout in a consistent manner with adequate communicationfeedback to promot
42、e success of the plan.4.2.2 An understanding of extended product responsibility(see Section 7) and the importance of shared responsibility.This section includes task identification and performancerequirements, process and product selection, use, storage, anddisposal.4.2.3 An identification of the tr
43、aining and communicationsissues (see Section 8) that will encourage involvement with theentire chain-of-commerce in the cleaning process. These issuesare related to both procedural training and feedback opportu-nities for cleaning personnel, as well as information sharingwith building tenants to inf
44、orm them of possible cleaningprocess impacts.5. Stewardship Principles5.1 Stewardship PrinciplesA building owner or operatorshould manage the cleaning process according to the followingstewardship principles:5.1.1 Take a comprehensive process approach to cleaning.This includes:5.1.1.1 Identifying th
45、e cleaning task and performance re-quirements,5.1.1.2 Defining or outlining steps of the cleaning proce-dure,5.1.1.3 Selecting the correct products and equipment,5.1.1.4 Training cleaning personnel to use correct proce-dures and to understand the potential health, safety, andenvironmental impacts of
46、 the cleaning products and processes,5.1.1.5 Ongoing inspection and monitoring programs,5.1.1.6 Communicating clearly with building occupants,and5.1.1.7 Practicing appropriate storage and disposal methods.5.1.2 Focusing on only a single area can create unantici-pated adverse impacts in other areas.5
47、.1.3 Foster participation of cleaning personnel and build-ing occupants. A successful cleaning program should encour-age participation and input along the entire chain-of-commerce. Cleaning personnel need to participate in theplanning, implementation, and continual improvement of thecleaning program
48、. Building occupants should be given theopportunity to participate.5.1.4 Clean to protect health and safety. Appearances maybe deceptive. Even buildings that appear to be clean can beunhealthy. Focus on cleaning for health and safety by control-ling microorganisms, spills, gases, dust particles, and
49、 so forth.In most cases the appearance will be addressed at the sametime.5.1.5 Clean and maintain the building as a whole, not justseparate components. Cleaning and maintenance in one area ofa building can have a major impact on other areas. Appropriateactions should take place to ensure the health and safetythroughout the entire building, in addition to the area where thework is being performed.5.1.6 Recognize occupant impacts on the indoor environ-ment. Occupants should share responsibility for maintaininghealth and safety. Occupants should quickly an
