1、Designation: E2016 11E2016 15Standard Specification forIndustrial Woven Wire Cloth1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONIndustrial wire cloth can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape ofopening, wire diameter, type of weave, and metal. This
3、specification covers woven wire cloth forindustrial use, including the separation of particles. Its purpose is to introduce standard terms anddefinitions, to note the normal range of specifications woven, and to establish tolerances andrequirements. This specification excludes sieve cloth from its s
4、cope, since this is covered underSpecification E11. If a user has a specific application for industrial wire cloth that is not within thescope of this specification, it is recommended that the wire cloth supplier be consulted.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers industrial woven wire fabric, referr
5、ed to as wire cloth, for general use including the separation ofparticles. Wire cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. This specification doesnot apply to the following special types of wire cloth: filter cloth or dutch weave (see Appendix X1), fourd
6、rinier and cylinder cloth,galvanized hardware cloth, insect wire screening, spiral weave wire cloth, testing sieve cloth, or welded wire cloth.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are pr
7、ovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabi
8、lity of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A510 Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon SteelA555/A555M Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire RodsE11 Specification for Woven Wire
9、Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening MediaE2814 Guide for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of related terms, refer to Terminology E1638.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2
10、.1 aperture, nthe opening in a screening or sieving medium.3.2.2 aperture size, nthe dimension defining an opening in a screening or sieving medium (see also width opening).3.2.3 bolting cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for higher sifting capacities and which can
11、speed the bolting action of vibratory screening machines, manufactured based on using a limited number of wire diameters for alarge group of mesh designations.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility
12、of E29.01 on Sieves, SievingMethods, and Screening Media.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2011December 2015. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20062011as E2016 06.E2016 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2016-11.10.1520/E2016-15.2 For referencedASTM
13、standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of
14、an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publ
15、ished by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3.1 Discussion“Bolting Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the desi
16、gnations havebecome non-standard.3.2.4 firmness, na subjective term referring to the planar rigidity of wire cloth (as a roll good, not mounted in a frame).3.2.4.1 DiscussionFirmness is established by the tensile strength of the material, the relationship of the mesh to wire diameters, the type of w
17、eave,and amount of crimp in the wires. The absence of firmness in wire cloth is termed sleaziness.3.2.5 market grade wire cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for use in the general industrialmarket, manufactured based on using a different wire diameter for each of t
18、he common mesh designations.3.2.5.1 Discussion“Market Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designations havebecome non-standard.3.2.6 mesh, nthe number of wires or openings per linear inch (25.4 mm), counted from the center of any wire to
19、 a point exactly1 in. (25.4 mm) distant, including the fractional distance between either thereof.3.2.7 mill grade wire cloth, nwire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for milling grain and other lightscreening, manufactured based on using a different wire diameter for each of
20、the common mesh designations.3.2.7.1 Discussion“Mill Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designations have becomenon-standard.3.2.8 percent open area, nthe ratio of the area of the openings to the total area expressed as a percentage, th
21、at theoreticallycan be calculated as follows:OA512Mw Dw!12Ms Ds!100! (1)where:OA = the percent open area,Mw = the mesh warp,Ms = the mesh shute,Dw = the diameter warp wire, andDs = the diameter shute wire.3.2.9 rectangular (off-count) mesh, neither precrimp or double crimp wire cloth having a differ
22、ent number of wires in the warpand shute, producing rectangular openings; the diameter of the warp and shute wires may be the same or different.3.2.10 screen, n(1) a surface provided with apertures of uniform size and shape; (2) another term used interchangeably forwoven wire cloth; and (3) a machin
23、e provided with one or more screen surfaces.3.2.11 selvage, nthe edge or border of wire cloth finished off so as to prevent unraveling; examples of finished edges includelooped selvage (see Fig. 1), folded selvage (see Fig. 2), cut and tucked (see Fig. 3), welded, plastic bonded, and bent-back picke
24、t,as opposed to a raw or cut edge (see Fig. 4).3.2.12 shute wires, nthe wires running the short way of, or across the cloth as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill, orweft wires).3.2.13 sieve cloth, nwoven wire cloth conforming to Specification E11.3.2.13.1 DiscussionSieve cloth is generally u
25、sed for the determination of particle size as opposed to the separation of particles.3.2.14 sleaziness, nwire cloth that does not exhibit firmness.3.2.15 space cloth, nwire cloth that is designated by the width of the open spaces between the inside faces of adjacent parallelwires, expressed in inche
26、s or the metric equivalent (see 4.2 for the normal range of space cloth specifications).3.2.16 square mesh, nwire cloth having the same number of wires in both the warp and shute.E2016 152FIG. 1 Looped EdgeE2016 1533.2.17 Types of Crimps:3.2.17.1 crimp, nthe corrugation in the warp or shute wire, or
27、 both.3.2.17.2 DiscussionThe crimp in the wires is formed either during the weaving process, or with a crimping machine prior to weaving. If formed duringthe weaving process, the tension existing between the warp and shute wires fundamentally determines the respective amount ordepth of crimp, which
28、locks the wires in place and in part establishes the firmness of the wire cloth.3.2.17.3 double crimp wire cloth, nwire cloth woven with approximately equal corrugations in both the warp and shute wiresto lock the wires in position (see Fig. 5).3.2.17.4 flat top wire cloth, nwire cloth with deep cri
29、mps, as in lock crimp, except that all crimps are on the underside of thecloth, leaving the top surface all in one plane.3.2.17.5 DiscussionSometimes designated smooth top (see Fig. 6).3.2.17.6 intermediate crimp wire cloth, nprecrimped wire cloth with extra crimps or corrugations between the points
30、 orintersection.3.2.17.7 DiscussionSometimes designated intercrimp or multiple crimp (see Fig. 7).3.2.17.8 lock crimp wire cloth, nprecrimped wire cloth with deep crimps at points of intersection to lock the wires securelyin place (see Fig. 8).3.2.17.9 precrimp wire cloth, nwire cloth woven with bot
31、h the warp and shute wires crimped before weaving.FIG. 2 Folded EdgeE2016 1543.2.17.10 triple shute wire cloth, nwire cloth woven with three shute wires inserted adjacent to each other, often constructedin conformance with precrimp rectangular.3.2.18 Types of Weaves:3.2.18.1 herringbone twill, nwire
32、 cloth in which the direction of a twilled weave is reversed at regular intervals to producea striped or herringbone effect.3.2.18.2 plain, nwire cloth in which the warp wires and shute wires pass over one and under one wire in both directions (seeFig. 9).3.2.18.3 twill, nwire cloth in which the war
33、p wires and shute wires pass over two and under two wires in both directions (seeFig. 10).3.2.19 warp wires, nthe wires running the long way of the cloth as woven.3.2.20 weight per unit area, nthe weight per square foot for wire cloth can be approximated (without consideration for crimp)by the follo
34、wing equation:Wt/ft2 512 Mw 12piDw2 /4!112 Ms 12piDs2 /4! (2)FIG. 3 Cut and Tucked EdgeFIG. 4 Raw or Cut EdgeE2016 155where:Wt/ft2 = the weight (lb/ft2),Mw = the mesh warp (number of wires per inch),Ms = the mesh shute (number of wires per inch),Dw = the diameter warp wire (decimal parts of an inch)
35、,Ds = the diameter shute wire (decimal parts of an inch), = the density of material (lb/in.3) (0.2836 for plain or carbon steel), andpi = the constant 3.1416,which for square mesh wire cloth with the same wire diameter in both the warp and shute reduces to:Wt/ft2 572piMD2FIG. 5 Double CrimpE2016 156
36、where:Wt/ft2 = the weight (lb/ft2 ) per square foot,M = the mesh (number of wires per inch), andD = the diameter wire (decimal parts of an inch).3.2.20.1 DiscussionSee Table 1 for a listing of conversion factors from plain steel for various other metals and alloys. The theoretical mass/unit areacan
37、be similarly calculated with SI units or an approximate multiplier factor of 4.8824 can be used to obtain kg/m2.3.2.21 width opening, ndistance between two parallel adjacent warp or shute wires, measured in the projected plane.FIG. 6 Smooth TopE2016 1573.2.21.1 DiscussionThe theoretical width of an
38、opening in the direction of interest can be calculated by subtracting the nominal wire diameter fromthe reciprocal of the mesh in that direction as follows:Opn51/M!2D (3)where:Opn = the width opening (in decimal parts of an inch),M = the mesh, andD = the diameter wire (in decimal parts of an inch).T
39、he theoretical width of an opening can be calculated similarly with SI units converting the pitch (1/M) to millimetres by themultiplier factor 25.4 and subtracting the wire diameter in millimetres.FIG. 7 Intermediate CrimpE2016 1584. Wire Cloth Specifications4.1 Normal Range of Double-Crimp, Square
40、Mesh Wire Cloth (Expressed By Mesh):4.1.1 Carbon SteelFor the normal range of woven wire cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh carbon steel, seeTable 2.4.1.2 Stainless SteelFor the normal range of woven wire cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh stainless steel,see Table 3.
41、4.2 Normal Range of Space Cloth (Expressed By Width Opening):4.2.1 Carbon SteelFor the normal range of space cloth specifications for carbon steel, see Table 4.4.2.2 Stainless SteelFor the normal range of space cloth specifications for stainless steel, see Table 5.FIG. 8 Lock CrimpE2016 1595. Techni
42、cal Requirements5.1 Wire TolerancesThe wire diameter shall be expressed in decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent, and thetolerance for wire before weaving shall be in accordance with Table 6. It is recognized that mechanical deformation of the wireoccurs during weaving, and therefore, th
43、e diameter measured after weaving only can be used as a guide of the original nominaldiameter.5.2 Wire Cloth Tolerances:5.2.1 Industrial wire cloth can be woven from a great variety of metals and alloys. For the purposes of tolerances as woven,the following metals are applicable:5.2.1.1 Aluminum (50
44、00 series),5.2.1.2 Brass,5.2.1.3 Carbon steel,FIG. 9 Plain Square WeaveE2016 1510FIG. 10 Twilled Square WeaveE2016 15115.2.1.4 Copper,5.2.1.5 Monel metal (trademark3),5.2.1.6 Nickel;5.2.1.7 Phosphor bronze, and5.2.1.8 Stainless steel (300 and 400 series).5.2.2 Wire cloth tolerances for other metals
45、may or may not be applicable depending on the particular specification and shouldbe discussed with the supplier.5.2.3 Tolerances on MeshTolerances in mesh count shall be applied separately for warp and shute and in accordance withTable 7.5.2.4 Tolerances on opening for space cloth The tolerance in o
46、pening of space cloth shall be in accordance with Table 8.5.3 Wire Cloth Blemishes:5.3.1 Wire cloth shall be woven with first-class workmanship, although some blemishes or defects are inherent in the weavingprocess.5.3.2 Permissible Number of Major BlemishesUnless otherwise agreed upon, the permissi
47、ble number of major blemishes ordefects as defined in Annex A1 shall be as shown in Table 9. The shute count shall determine the mesh category.5.3.3 Variation in MeshAn area of wire cloth with mesh count out of the tolerances shown in 5.2.3 shall be considered adefective area.5.3.4 Defective Opening
48、An irregular opening in an area of wire cloth shall be considered a defect if the measured openingis out of tolerance as shown in Table 10 or Table 8 for space cloth.5.4 Delivery RequirementsExcept when specifically agreed to otherwise, the total quantity of wire cloth furnished shall bewithin 6 10
49、% of the quantity ordered. The invoice shall be based on the actual quantity furnished. Any finishing or fabricationspecified to wire cloth may or may not affect its delivered quality and should be discussed with the supplier.5.4.1 RollA standard roll shall be 100 linear feet (30.5 m) 6 10 linear feet (3 m), and may consist of up to three pieces, nopiece less than 10 linear feet (3 m).5.4.2 WidthPermissible tolerance in the width of standard wire cloth rolls, except when cut to specific dimen
