1、Designation: E2068 00 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Operating Force of Sliding Windows andDoors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2068; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the operating forces foropening and closing horizontal and vertical sliding wi
3、ndowsand horizontal sliding door systems. It does not address theforces required for opening pivoting, projecting, or otherfenestration systems. This test method does not address the useor performance of add-on devices or mechanical operators thatmight be installed to reduce operating forces of slid
4、ingwindows or doors. It deals only with the forces necessary toopen and close a sash or panel through the direct application offorce to the operable sash or panel.1.2 This test method is suitable for laboratory productcomparisons or for qualifying products, or both, as meetingwindow or door operatin
5、g force specifications. This testmethod is also suitable for use in the field to determine theoperating forces required to open and close installed slidingwindows and doors.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconver
6、sions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
7、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology E631unless otherwise spe
8、cified.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 breakaway forcethe force required to start a sash(panel) in motion from a fully closed or fully open position.3.2.2 fully closed positionthe position of the sash or panelafter being closed, latched, and unlatched, or where the sash orpa
9、nel is closed to its maximum engagement within a frame orpocket if no latching mechanism is provided.3.2.3 fully open positionthe point at the limits of theoperating hardware (if applicable) or the point at which thesash or panel contacts a limiting device.3.2.4 in-motion operating forcethe force re
10、quired to main-tain a sash or panel in motion while moving the sash or panelbetween 1 in. from fully open to 1 in. from fully closedpositions, or 1 in. from fully closed to 1 in. from fully openposition.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Two equivalent test methods for determining operatingforce are descr
11、ibed. Test Method A uses dead weights and acable and pulley system to apply force to operate a sash orpanel. Test Method B uses a force gage and hand-appliedpressure to operate a sash or panel. The test specimen ismounted in a rigid support frame. After attaching the loadingsystem to the operating s
12、ash or panel, the weight or force isapplied and increased until the sash or panel is put into motion.This determines breakaway force. Starting from 1 in. (25 mm)from a closed or open position the minimum amount of weightor force required to keep a sash in motion, once it is startedmoving, is measure
13、d. This determines the in-motion operatingforce. Forces required to operate a sliding window or patiodoor in both opening and closing directions are determined bythis test method.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method determines the operational forces ofsliding windows and doors by simulating f
14、orce applied by handdirectly to movable sash or panels. Breakaway and in-motionoperating forces are measures of the ease of operation of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance o
15、f Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2068 00(2008).DOI: 10.1520/E2068-00R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
16、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1fenestration products. Produ
17、ct specifications, building codes,and building specifications establish operating force limits asmeasures of product performance or limits for handicappedaccessibility, or both.5.2 Window and door performance standards for air infil-tration and water penetration in some cases require operatingforce
18、measurements to be made and reported as an indicationof the operability of the test specimen.5.3 Operating forces can vary significantly from unit to unitdue to factors such as installation parameters, wearing ofsliding or rolling parts, lubrication, stiffening or softening ofweather-strip, and envi
19、ronmental factors (for example,humidity, temperature, accumulation of dirt, and so forth).Therefore, when applied to new product designs, this testmethod requires that units be tested in a laboratory undercontrolled conditions including accurate mounting (plumb,square, and level) following the manuf
20、acturers instructions.Use of this test method in the field does not necessarily indicatethe operating forces that are inherent in the particular windowdesign, but rather, provides a measurement of the forcesrequired for operation of the particular unit at the particulartime. The user is cautioned th
21、at installation defects such asbowed jambs, racked frames, or inadequate anchoring canresult in binding or sticking of movable components andincreased operating forces.5.4 This test method requires measurement of both break-away and in-motion operating forces. Generally, breakawayforce is higher tha
22、n in-motion operating force due to thedifference between static and dynamic friction coefficients orthe presence of weather-stripping and sash pockets, or both.Traditional fenestration product standards have required deter-mination of in-motion operating force in the opening directiononly and referr
23、ed to this simply as operating force.5.5 This test method is intended to determine the forcesrequired to operate a window or sliding door which is properlyinstalled and which is operated by hand application of force toa handle, pull bar, or sash member. Application of forcethrough jerking or impact
24、motion is not measured or evaluatedby this test method. Operating forces can be significantlydifferent between the opening and closing directions of move-ment; therefore, this test method involves measurements inboth directions of movement.5.6 This test method provides for two procedures whichinclud
25、e a dead weight test method (Test Method A) and a forcegage test method (Test Method B) of applying and measuringforces required to operate a sliding window or sliding door.When properly applied, both test methods are deemed toproduce equivalent results. The dead weight test method isconsidered to b
26、e less likely to be affected by the operators skillin applying loads in a steady and properly timed manner. Theforce gage test method is considered simpler to apply and moreapplicable to field testing where the installation of pulleys andcabling is often impractical. Both test methods are subject to
27、 asimilar uncertainty.6. Apparatus6.1 This description of apparatus is general in nature andany arrangement of equipment capable of performing the testmethod, within allowable tolerances, is permitted.6.2 Test Method AThe primary equipment used in TestMethod A consists of a set of weights capable of
28、 beingsuspended and applied in 1-lb (0.5-kg) increments, a platen,lightweight flexible cable or cord, ball-bearing sheave(s), and aframework capable of supporting the sheaves and cable systemin the appropriate location. Sheaves used to transmit thedeadweight load to the specimen under test shall be
29、a minimumof 3 in. (75 mm) in diameter. Weights used are to be Class F orbetter. In addition, a force gage in accordance with 7.3.1 shallbe used to verify that the load applied is transmitted to the unitunder test when two or more sheaves are used to direct theload. (See Fig. 1.)6.3 Test Method BFor
30、Test Method B, a calibrated forcegage with an accuracy of 60.5 lbf (2.0 N) and with a peak holdand continuous reading capability is required.6.4 Hardware such as hooks, cable, cord, small pulleys, andscrew-eyes are to be used as necessary to provide for attach-ment of the loading system to the sash
31、or panel.7. Safety Precautions7.1 When using Test Method A, be prepared for suddenmovement of the sash or panel and potentially rapid droppingof the weights. The weights are to be suspended in such amanner that their fall will be stopped before the sash moves tothe full limit of its travel to reduce
32、 impact between compo-nents. When using Test Method B, be prepared for suddenmovement of the sash or panel.7.2 There can be considerable energy and momentum inmoving sash or panels that can cause a significant impact whenthe sash or panel hits the frame or limiting stops. Care must betaken to avoid
33、injury and potential breakage of the specimen.7.3 Glass breakage will not normally occur at the forcesapplied in these test methods; however, sudden breakaway ormotion can occur. Take precautions to prevent injury from themoving sash.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire
34、unit assupplied by the manufacturer or as set forth in a referencedspecification if applicable. When testing a unit in the field, theunits location and description shall be detailed in the testreport.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the test specimen to the support framework inaccordance with the manufacturers
35、 installation instructions.The supporting structure shall have a strength and rigidity atleast equivalent to a nominal 2 by 4 stud wall with studs 16 in.(406 mm) on center and faced on one surface with nominal12 in. (12 mm) plywood.9.2 For laboratory tests, allow sufficient time for the test unitto
36、fully equilibrate to the laboratory conditions prior to testing.E2068 00 (2016)2Fully open and close the test specimen five times, fullyengaging the locks or latches on each closure.9.3 Identify the location of normal opening or closing forceapplication. This will normally be one or two handles or f
37、ingergrip areas. For units with no clearly identified handle or griparea use the following locations: (1) vertical sliding windows(single or double-hung), two points spaced 18 in. (460 mm)apart centered on either the sash top rail or bottom rail; or (2)horizontal sliding windows, one point at the ve
38、rtical center ofthe pull bar (if present) or meeting edge vertical sash member.9.3.1 Attach the loading system to the center of the indoorhandle of sliding door assemblies. If none of these locations areclearly appropriate, the specifying authority shall determine thelocation of force application. (
39、See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)9.4 Attach the loading system to the position identified in9.3. When two locations are identified, connect these locationswith a cable or cord and apply force using a pulley strung onthe cable or cord so that the force is evenly distributed betweenthe two locations. All forces
40、 applied are to be in the directionparallel to the sash or panel surface that will cause the panel tomove in the desired direction. Force is to be applied as close tothe direction and plane of travel as possible.9.5 Number of TrialsFor each test method conduct aminimum of three trials. If the result
41、s of three trials are allwithin 10 % or 1 lb (0.5 kg), whichever is greater, of theaverage of the three trials, no additional trials are required. Ifany of the results of the three trials deviates by more than 10 %or 1 lb, whichever is greater, from the average, conduct sevenadditional trials (for a
42、 total of ten). When ten trials are required,calculate the average value by eliminating the highest andlowest values recorded and averaging the remaining eightvalues.9.6 Breakaway ForceTest Method A, Dead Weight:9.6.1 Close, lock, and unlock the sash or panel. Support theplaten so that no load is ap
43、plied, and place a 1-lb (0.5-kg)weight on it. While holding the platen, remove the support andgradually lower the weight so that the cable suspends it. Thisprocess is to take from 3 to 5 s. Repeat this process, includingopening, closing, locking, and unlocking the latchingmechanism, increasing the w
44、eight on the platen by 1 lb foreach trial until the weight is sufficient to cause the sash or panelto fully disengage from the frame and any weather-strip orframe pocket. Record the total weight applied in this process asthe breakaway force. Repeat this entire process twice for a totalFIG. 1 Vertica
45、lly Sliding Window Typical ArrangementsE2068 00 (2016)3of three trials. Determine if additional trials are required asspecified in 9.5 and perform if necessary. If the sash movementrequired to disengage from weather strip or a frame pocket isgreater than 1 in. (25 mm), mark the sash position at the
46、pointof disengagement as the “end point” for this test.9.6.2 If the sash or panel moves on its own when the latch(s)is disengaged, record the breakaway force as the weightrequired to initiate motion of the panel from the position thesash or panel moves to. This position is the “end point” for thepur
47、poses of the in-motion operating force test.9.7 In-Motion Operating ForceTest Method A, DeadWeight:9.7.1 From the fully closed position, open the sash or panel1 in. (25 mm) or to the position identified as the end point in9.6.2 and make a reference mark, using tape or a marking pen,indicating the re
48、lative frame/sash position. Open the sash to1 in. from fully open and make a second mark on the frame.9.7.2 Starting from the fully closed position, place a 1-lb(0.5-kg) weight on the platen. Manually open the sash to the1-in. (25-mm) mark and release. If the sash continues to move,allow it to move
49、until it stops or reaches the 1 in. from fullyopen mark. If it does not open to the 1-in. from fully open markrepeat the process adding 1 lb of weight to the platen. Continuethis process until the weight applied is sufficient to open thesash or panel to or beyond the 1-in. from fully open mark.Record the total applied weight including the weight of theplaten. If two or more sheaves are included in the loadingsystem, verify that the force gage reads the correct value for theapplied weight. Repeat this procedure at least two additionaltimes (minimum of three trials) in
