1、Designation: E 2103 06Standard Classification forBridge Elements and Related Approach Work1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2103; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification covers bridge elements and relatedapproach work. Elements, as defined here, are major compo-nents common to most brid
3、ges. Elements usually perform agiven function, regardless of the design specification, construc-tion method, or materials used. This classification serves as aconsistent reference for analysis, evaluation, cost estimating,and monitoring during the feasibility, planning and designstages of bridges. I
4、t also enhances reporting at all stages fromfeasibility and planning through the preparation of workingdocuments, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and dis-posal.1.2 This classification applies to bridges and related ap-proach work. It excludes specialized structures such as signsand signal
5、s related to general highway use, but it does includebridge parapets, medians, drainage, and barriers needed tolessen vehicular impact.1.3 This classification is similar to the E 15571.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there
6、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 1557
7、Classification for Building Elements and RelatedSiteworkUNIFORMAT II3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this clas-sification, refer to Terminologies E 631 and E 833.4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification defines bridge elements that aremajor components of most bridg
8、es. The elemental clarificationis the common thread linking activities and participants in abridge project from initial planning through operations, main-tenance, and disposal.4.2 The users of this classification include federal, state,county and city officials, cost planners, estimators, schedulers
9、,engineers, project/program managers, specification writers,operating and maintenance staff, manufacturers, and educators.4.3 Use this classification when doing the following:4.3.1 Estimating and controlling costs during planning,design, and construction. Use this classification to preparebudgets an
10、d to establish elemental cost plans before designbegins. The project manager uses cost plans to control projectcost, time, and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets.4.3.2 Conducting value engineering workshops. Use thisclassification as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for allelements of
11、 significant cost in the bridge project are analyzedin the creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elementalcost data to expedite the development of cost models for bridgesystems.4.3.3 Developing initial project master schedules. Sinceprojects are built element by element, this classificatio
12、n is anappropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at thestart of the design process.4.3.4 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction,operating, and maintenance costs in a computer database.Having a cost manual or computer database in an elementalformat assists the preparation of
13、 an economic analysis early inthe design stage and at a reasonable cost.4.3.5 Structuring preliminary project descriptions during theconceptual design phase. This classification facilitates thedescription of the scope of the project in a clear, concise, andlogical sequence for presentation to the cl
14、ient; it provides thebasis for the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onBuilding Construction and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Publish
15、ed April 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 2103 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
16、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and itenhances communication between designers and clients byproviding a clear statement of the
17、 designers intent.5. Basis of Classification5.1 The framework in Fig. 1 shows how bridge structuresand related approaches fit with the rest of the built environ-ment. This classification does not include general road featuressuch as pavements, drainage structures, and noise walls.5.2 Criteria for th
18、e ClassificationThe selected elementsare grouped according to the following criteria:5.2.1 The classification is applicable to any type of bridge.5.2.2 The classification is consistent with that used intypical costing practices.5.2.3 Each individual element has a significant impact onthe cost, and i
19、t usually occurs frequently.5.2.4 Only items that impact the choice and cost of thebridge elements are included. Other civil works in the trans-portation system are not included.5.2.5 Table 1 represents the classification of bridge elementsinto three hierarchical levels: Level 1 - Major Group Elemen
20、ts,Level 2 - Group Elements and Level 3 - Individual Elements.The Major Groups are listed in the normal chronological orderof construction.6. Description of Project Elements6.1 Bridge elements A, B, C, and D are primary elements tobridge the gap between approach roadways. Element E in-cludes seconda
21、ry components which may or may not be neededand which vary from project to project. Element F includesincidental components, which the bridge must support.6.2 The elements listed are generic. Sizes, types, materials,strength and connections are included in each generic element.FIG. 1 Framework of th
22、e Built EnvironmentE2103062TABLE 1 Bridge ElementsLevel 1Major Group ElementsLevel 2Group ElementsLevel 3Individual ElementsA SITE WORK A10 Utility RelocationA20 Existing Structures RemovalA30 ExcavationA40 Cofferdam A4010 SheetingA4020 Seal CoatA4030 DewateringA4040 Under Water ExcavationA50 Embank
23、mentA60 Traffic MaintenanceA70 Environmental MitigationA80 Demolition A8010 ExcavationA8020 RemovalB SUBSTRUCTURE B10 Foundations B1010 Spread FootingsB1020 PilesB1030 Drilled Shafts, Cap BeamsB20 Piers B2010 Cap BeamsB2020 Columns-single, MultipleB2030 Walls-Grade, Crash, DebrisB2040 Slab PiersB30
24、Abutments B3010 Sill TypeB3020 Spill ThroughB3030 Retaining Wall TypeB3040 Integral-Semi IntegralB3050 VaultedC SUPERSTRUCTURE C10 Railings C1010 TrafficC1020 PedestrianC1030 BicycleC20 Decks C2010 SlabsC2020 SidewalksC2030 MediansC30 Beams C3010 StringersC3020 Floor BeamsC3030 Transverse BeamsC3040
25、 Box GirdersC40 Special Types C4010 Tied ArchC4020 SuspensionC4030 Cable StayedC4040 TrussesC50 Bearings C5010 FixedC5020 ExpansionC5030 Multi-RotationalC60 Movable MechanismD APPROACH D10 WingwallsD20 Retaining WallsD30 Approach SlabsE PROTECTION E10 Expansion Joints E1010 OpenE1020 CoveredE1030 Fi
26、lledE20 WaterproofingE30 Topping/OverlayE40 Drainage E4010 ScuppersE4020 PipingE50 Slope WallsE60 Approach BarriersE70 Corrosion Control E7010 Reinforcement CoatingE7020 Concrete AdmixturesE7030 Surface CoatingE7040 CathodicE80 Pier Protection BarriersF SERVICES F10 SignalsF20 SignageF30 LightingF40
27、 UtilitiesF50 Guard TowerF60 Pavement MarkingE2103063ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent ri
28、ghts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either fo
29、r revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearin
30、g you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2103064
