1、Designation:E215201(Reapproved2006) Designation: E2152 12Standard Practice forComputing the Colors of Fluorescent Objects fromBispectral Photometric Data1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a fluorescent specimen
3、 is to obtain bispectralphotometric data for specified irradiating and viewing geometries, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. Procedures for such computation are contained in this
4、practice. Thispractice also contains procedures for computing illuminant-specific spectral radiance factor valuesfrom illuminant-independent bispectral photometric data.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain tristimulus values, designated
5、X,Y, Z and X10,Y10,Z10for the CIE 1931 and 1964 observers, respectively, from bispectral photometric data for the specimen.Procedures for obtaining such bispectral photometric data are contained in Practice E2153.1.2 Procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE syste
6、m, such as CIELAB and CIELUV arecontained in Practice E308.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address allof the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to esta
7、blish appropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectra
8、l Photometric Data for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color2.2 CIE Standards:CIE Publication 15.2, Colorimetry32.3 ISO Standards:ISO 11476 Paper and BoardDetermination of CIE-Whiteness, C/2 Degrees43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in Terminology E284 are applicable to this practice.
9、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bispectrometer, nan optical instrument equipped with a source of irradiation, two monochromators, and a detectionsystem, such that a specimen can be measured at independently-controlled irradiation and viewing wavelengths. Thebispectrometer is
10、 designed to allow for calibration to provide quantitative determination of the bispectral radiation-transferproperties of the specimen.(5)NOTE 1Typically, a reference detection system monitors the radiation incident on the specimen. This reference detection system serves to compensate1This practice
11、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 on Fluorescence.Current edition approved Dec.July 1, 2006.2012. Published December 2006.September 2012. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001
12、2006as E2152 - 01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/E2152-01R06.10.1520/E2152-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
13、 website.3Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commission on Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 Pond St.,Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, Ne
14、w York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM r
15、ecommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.for both t
16、emporal and spectral variations in the flux incident upon the specimen, by normalization of readings from the instruments emission detectionsystem.3.2.2 diagonal elements, nelements of a bispectral matrix for which irradiation and viewing wavelengths are equal.3.2.3 fluorescence, nthis standard uses
17、 the term “fluorescence” as a general term, including both true fluorescence (with aluminescent decay time of less than 10-8s) and phosphorescence with a delay time short enough to be indistinguishable fromfluorescence for the purpose of colorimetry.3.2.4 off-diagonal element, nany element of a bisp
18、ectral matrix for which irradiation and viewing wavelengths are not equal.4. Summary of Practice4.1 ProceduresProcedures are given for computing from bispectral photometric measurements the CIE tristimulus values X,Y, Z for the CIE 1931 standard observer and the CIE 1964 supplementary standard obser
19、ver. While recognizing the CIErecommendation of numerical integration at 1 nm intervals (in Publication 15.2) as the basic definition, this practice is limited inscope to measurements and calculations using spectral intervals greater than or equal to 5 nm.4.2 CalculationsCIE tristimulus values X, Y,
20、 Z or X10,Y10,Z10are calculated by numerical summation of the products ofweighting factors for selected illuminants and observers with the bispectral Donaldson radiance factor of the specimen. Thetristimulus values so calculated may be converted to coordinates in a more nearly uniform color space su
21、ch as CIELAB orCIELUV.5. Significance and Use5.1 The bispectral or two-monochromator method is the definitive method for the determination of the general radiation-transferproperties of fluorescent specimens (4). In this method, the measuring instrument is equipped with two separate monochromators.T
22、he first, the irradiation monochromator, irradiates the specimen with monochromatic light. The second, the viewingmonochromator, analyzes the radiation leaving the specimen.Atwo-dimensional array of bispectral photometric values is obtainedby setting the irradiation monochromator at a series of fixe
23、d wavelengths () in the ultraviolet and visible range, and for each ,using the viewing monochromator to record readings for each wavelength (l) in the visible range. The resulting array, onceproperly corrected, is known as the Donaldson matrix, and the value of each element (,l) of this array is her
24、e described as theDonaldson radiance factor (D(,l). The Donaldson radiance factor is an instrument- and illuminant-independent photometricproperty of the specimen, and can be used to calculate its color for any desired illuminant and observer. The advantage of thismethod is that it provides a compre
25、hensive characterization of the specimens radiation-transfer properties, without theinaccuracies associated with source simulation and various methods of approximation.6. Procedure6.1 Selecting Standard ObserverSelect standard observer according to the guidelines of Practice E308.6.2 Selecting Illum
26、inantsSelect illuminants that are similar to the light under which the objects will be viewed or for whichtheir colors will be specified or evaluated. In general, follow the recommendations of Practice E308. For fluorescent samples,however, special attention must be given to the relative UV content
27、of the selected illuminants and the light under which the objectswill be viewed.6.2.1 When object will be viewed indoors, by daylight filtered through a glass window, use values for the extended version ofIlluminant C defined in ISO 11476.6.2.2 When object will be viewed outdoors, by unfiltered dayl
28、ight, use values for CIE Illuminant D65, or other daylightilluminants, as defined by the formulas developed by Judd, and presented in CIE 15.2.6.2.3 When object will be viewed under well-defined special conditions of irradiation which are not similar to any standardilluminant, a provisional illumina
29、nt may be defined. Such a provisional illuminant must represent the relative spectral irradianceupon the object surface under these special conditions.7. Calculation7.1 Calculation of Colorimetric QuantitiesUse the method of calculating tristimulus values at 5 nm intervals over the viewingwavelength
30、 range 380 to 780 nm, and irradiation wavelength range 300 to 780 nm.7.2 Calculation of Tristimulus ValuesThe calculation procedures described below involve numerical summation of theproducts of the Donaldson radiance factor of the specimen and a bispectral factor derived from the tabulated standard
31、 illuminantand observer functions. After normalization, the sums are the CIE tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (3, 4, 5)7.2.1 Application of Illuminant WeightsSelect the desired CIE standard illuminant from Tables given in Practice E308.Multiply each element D(,l) of the specimens Donaldson matrix by the
32、tabulated value of the relative spectral power of theilluminant F at the elements irradiation wavelength ().7.2.2 Calculation of Stimulus FunctionObtain the sum over of these products at 5 nm intervals over the wavelength range300 to 780 nm. The sum obtained at each viewing wavelength l is the value
33、 of the specimens stimulus function (relative spectralradiance) F(l), under the specified conditions of irradiation. From these values, either tristimulus values or spectral radiance factorvalues may be derived.E2152 122Fl! 5( 5 300780F!D,l! (1)E2152-12_17.2.3 Derivation of Tristimulus ValuesUse the
34、 color-matching functions selected in 6.1. Multiply the specimens stimulusfunction at each viewing wavelength (l) by the corresponding tabulated values of the observer color-matching functions. Obtainthe sum of these spectral products at 5 nm intervals over the wavelength range 380 to 780 nm:E2152-1
35、2_2E2152-12_2E2152-12_2where:k = the normalization constant:E2152-12_37.3 Derivation of Other Colorimetric QuantitiesOther colorimetric values, such as chromaticity coordinates, CIELAB andCIELUV values, may be calculated from tristimulus values as described in Practice E308.NOTE 2The validity of CIE
36、LAB and CIELUV values for describing the color of fluorescent materials is subject to question, for two reasons. First,because the appearance of a fluorescent material may be influenced by irradiation at wavelengths outside the visible range, the appropriate definition ofthe “ white point” (incorpor
37、ated in the CIELAB and CIELUV calculations) is not clear. Second, the perceptual uniformity of these color spaces has notbeen evaluated in regions where L* exceeds 100, as it may for fluorescent materials. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the appropriatenessof such metrics for any p
38、articular specimen and application.7.4 Derivation of Spectral Radiance FactorsCalculate the specimens stimulus function (relative spectral radiance) F(l) forthe selected illuminant as described in section 7.2.2. Divide F at each viewing wavelength (l) by the corresponding tabulated valueof the relat
39、ive spectral power FIof the selected illuminant. Note that for a fluorescent specimen, the spectral radiance factor (bI(l) is illuminant-specific. (3)E2152-12_47.5 Separation of Fluorescence and Reflection ComponentsFluorescence and reflection components of tristimulus andspectral radiance factor va
40、lues can be calculated by substituting the fluorescent or reflection components of Donaldson radiancefactor (DFor DR) for Donaldson radiance factor (D) in the calculations described in sections 7.2 and 7.3. This separation ofcomponents is valid for D, b, and tristimulus values; it may not be valid f
41、or other colorimetric values.7.5.1 Estimation of ComponentsTo a first approximation, the contribution of fluorescence and reflectance to the appearanceof the specimen can be separated by treating diagonal values of the Donaldson matrix as representing reflectance only, andoff-diagonal values as repr
42、esenting fluorescence.7.5.2 Calculation of ComponentsWhile more rigorous and accurate methods for the separation of reflection and fluorescencecomponents may be employed, description of such calculations lies outside the scope of this standard.7.6 Abridged Calculation Procedures:7.6.1 Wavelength Int
43、ervals of Greater than 5 nmWhen data for D(,l) are not available at 5 nm intervals, estimated valuesat 5 nm intervals should be derived by appropriate interpolation, as described in Annex A1.7.6.2 Viewing Wavelength Range Less Than 380-780 nmWhen data for D(,l) are not available for the full viewing
44、wavelength range, add the illuminant or observer weights, or both, at the wavelengths for which data are not available to theweights at the shortest and longest wavelength for which spectral data are available. Note that such use of spectrally-truncated datais not recommended when significant fluore
45、scent emission occurs in the region of truncation.7.6.3 Irradiation Wavelength Range Less Than 300-780 nmWhen the bispectral region of fluorescence is known for aparticular specimen, it is acceptable to limit the collection of fluorescence data (off-diagonal values) to this region. Complete thestand
46、ard Donaldson matrix by setting off-diagonal values outside this region to zero.8. Report8.1 The report of the measurement of colorimetric for fluorescent samples data shall include the following:8.2 Specimen DescriptionIncluding the following:8.2.1 Type and identification,8.2.2 Date of preparation
47、or manufacture, if required,8.2.3 Method of cleaning and date, if cleaned,8.2.4 Orientation of the specimen during measurement, and8.2.5 Any changes in the specimen during measurement.8.3 Source of DateGive instrument identification, irradiating and viewing geometry, spectral bandpass, and date ofme
48、asurement.8.4 ObserverIndicate whether the reported data were computed for the CIE 1931 standard observer (2) or the 1964supplementary standard observer (10).E2152 1238.5 IlluminantsIndicate which illuminants were used.8.6 Method of CalculationIndicate whether the procedure usinga5nmwavelength inter
49、val, or a specified abridged procedurewas used, and what wavelength range of spectral data was available.8.7 Colorimetric DataReport according to the guidelines of Practice E308.8.8 Spectral Radiance Factor (Optional)When reporting spectral radiance factor values for fluorescent samples, indicate forwhich illuminant the reported spectral radiance factor is defined.9. Keywords9.1 bispectral; bispectrometer; color; colorimetry; Donaldson matrix; Donaldson radiance factor; fluorescence; luminescence;radiance factor; tristimu
