1、Designation: E2223 07 E2223 12Standard Practice forExamination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel PressureVessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice describes a contact angle-beam shear wave ultrasonic technique to dete
3、ct and locate the circumferentialposition of longitudinally oriented discontinuities and to compare the amplitude of the indication from such discontinuities to thatof a specified reference notch. This practice does not address examination of the vessel ends. The basic principles of contactangle-bea
4、m examination can be found in Practice E587. Application to pipe and tubing, including the use of notches forstandardization, is described in Practice E213.1.2 This practice is appropriate for the ultrasonic examination of cylindrical sections of gas-filled, seamless, steel pressurevessels such as t
5、hose used for the storage and transportation of pressurized gasses. It is applicable to both isolated vessels and thosein assemblies.1.3 The practice is intended to be used following an Acoustic Emission (AE) examination of stacked seamless gaseous pressurevessels (with limited surface scanning area
6、) described in Test Method E1419.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. These are determined by the reference notch dimensions, which mustbe specified by the using parties.NOTE 1Background information relating to the technical requirements of this practice can be found in the refe
7、rences sited in Test Method E1419,Appendix X1.1.5 Dimensional values stated in in-pound units are regarded as standard; SI equivalents, in parentheses may be approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilit
8、yof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and TubingE543 Specification for Agencies Performing
9、Nondestructive TestingE587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionE2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics2.2 ASNT Documents:3Re
10、commended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 AIA Document:NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification41 This practice is under the jurisdicti
11、on of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on UltrasonicMethod.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007Nov. 1, 2012. Published January 2008November 2012. Originally approved in 2002 . 2002. Last previous edition approved in20022007 as E22
12、23 - 02.E2223 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/E2223-07.10.1520/E2223-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website
13、.3 Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4 Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to pro
14、vide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the
15、 standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Terminology relating to this p
16、ractice for angle-beam shear wave ultrasonic examination is defined in Terminology E1316.4. Summary of Methodology4.1 An ultrasonic pulse-echo contact angle-beam, shear wave technique with the beam directed circumferentially is used tolocate surface breaking discontinuities in the cylindrical wall o
17、f a pressure vessel. The amplitude of the reflected signal from thediscontinuity is compared to that of a known reference notch. Scanning is performed in both clockwise and counter clockwisedirections to detect and confirm the position of the discontinuity identified in the AE examination report.5.
18、Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide a procedure for locating, detecting and estimating the relevance of longitudinallyoriented crack-like discontinuities which have been previously indicated by AE examination.5.2 This practice may be used for a pressure vessel that is
19、situated in such a way as to limit access to the vessels wall. Typicalexamples include tube trailers and gas tube railroad cars. Since the pressure vessels are stacked horizontally in a frame, with limitedspace between them, the circumferential location of a discontinuity may be a distance away from
20、 the search unit (several skipdistances).5.3 This practice has been shown to be effective for cylinders between 9 in. (229 mm) and 24 in. (610 mm) in diameter andwall thicknesses between 14 in. (6.4 mm) to 1 in. (26 mm) with discontinuities that are oriented longitudinally in pressure vesselsidewall
21、.5.4 To reliably detect discontinuities by the procedure in this practice, a significant part of the reflecting surface must betransverse to the beam direction.5.5 Evaluation of possible discontinuity in the end faces indicated by AE is not covered by this practice.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personn
22、el Qualification6.1.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and cer
23、tified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The standard usedand its applicable revision shall be specified by the regulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, or both.6.1.2 Additional Personnel Training6.1.2.1 Personnel performing this type of examination shall have
24、 additional training in the following topics.6.1.3 Construction and manufacturing techniques for seamless steel pressure vessels.6.1.4 Familiarity with the types of discontinuities that may occur in this type of pressure vessels.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies6.2.1 If specified in the c
25、ontractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in the applicableSections 5 through 9 of Practice E543. The applicable edition shall be specified by the regulatory authority, or stated in thecontractual agreement, or both.6.3 Extent of Examination6.3.1 The extent of
26、the examination shall be in accordance with the procedures in Sections 9 and 10 unless otherwise specified.6.3.2 The reference notch dimensions shall be specified by the regulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.6.4 Reporting Criteria6.4.1 Reporting criteria for the examin
27、ation results shall be in accordance with Section 11 unless otherwise specified. Sinceacceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shall be defined in accordance with Section 8 and by the regulatoryauthority or stated in the contractual agreement.6.5 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworke
28、d Items6.5.1 Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this standard and if required shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, or both.7. Apparatus7.1 Ultrasonic pulse-echo instrumentation shall have a minimum capacity of examining at c
29、enter frequencies from 214 to 5MHz. The instrument, search units and related equipment shall be cable of displaying the peak amplitude of the indication fromthe reference notch in the standardization ring, as described in Section 8, and locating its circumferential position over the fullsweep range
30、required for coverage of the vessel to be examined.E2223 1227.1.1 Each search unit used for this technique shall have the appropriate frequency and refracted angle for the material andgeometry of the pressure vessel that is being examined. The frequency and angle of the search unit is selected durin
31、gstandardization and is related to diameter, wall thickness and the type of steel used for the vessel and corresponding standardizationrings.7.1.1.1 The angle and frequency of the search unit to be used shall be determined by using different search units on astandardization ring that represents the
32、examination piece. A search unit which can satisfactorily detect and display the indicationfrom the notch in the standardization ring at the maximum distance to be used during the examination shall be selected for settingup the Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC) curve for examination in accordance
33、with 9.3.7.1.1.2 Select search units for evaluation from those having frequencies 2 14 and 5 MHz with refracted angles of 45 to 75 insteel, and in available commercial sizes. Those producing the required sensitivity and DAC response on the appropriatestandardization ring are acceptable. These search
34、 units have generally been found satisfactory for the examination of the type ofvessels specified in 5.3.7.1.1.3 The search unit shall be comprised of a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge that is designed to have continuousacoustic coupling between search unit and the pressure vessel wall.NOTE 2T
35、his is usually accomplished with a wedge that is radiused to match the cylinder diameter.7.2 Couplant for this practice shall be a liquid that is used between the ultrasonic search unit and examination piece to removethe air and transmit ultrasonic waves. Water is a preferred couplant. Other couplan
36、t such as oil or glycerin may be used. Couplantshall be the same for both standardization and actual examination. Care shall be taken to ensure that the couplant does not freezewhen the examination is conducted at low temperatures.8. Standardizing Ring with Reference Notches8.1 The standardization r
37、ing shall be fabricated from the same type of pressure vessel that is being examined. That is,standardization ring must have the same diameter, similar wall thickness, material, heat treatment, and surface condition as thevessel to be examined.NOTE 3Since seamless pressure vessels tend to have a var
38、iation in wall thickness within a given cross section at any axial length of the cylinder andalong the length of a given cylinder, due consideration must be given when selecting the standardization ring.8.1.1 Reference notches will be placed into both internal and external surfaces of the standardiz
39、ation ring, see Fig. 1. Thepreferred notch fabrication method is by the EDM process.8.1.2 The inner surface and outer surface notches may be placed into a single standardization ring. However, where practical,separate rings may be used, see Fig. 1.8.1.3 Notch dimensions must be specified by the usin
40、g parties for each type and size of vessel.9. Standardization Procedure9.1 The instrument sweep shall be adjusted to encompass the sound path to be used during the examination.9.2 Place couplant and search unit on the outside surface of the standardization ring and adjust the gain (sensitivity) and
41、locationof the search unit until the indication from the internal notch is identified. Temperature of the standardization ring duringstandardization should be the same as the temperature of the pressure vessel that is being examined.9.3 The search unit is located at a close distance (half-skip dista
42、nce) from the designated internal notch on the surface of thestandardization ring. Increase the gain until the signal is maximized at 80% of the full screen height as shown in Fig. 2.9.3.1 Without adjusting the gain, obtain additional indications (3 or more) from the notch with the search unit incre
43、asing beampath distances by moving the search unit on the ring, away from each notch.9.3.2 The position and maximum peak of each indication determined from 9.3.1 is marked on the display screen. A DAC curveis constructed by connecting the signal peaks. Fig. 2 illustrates a typical DAC curve display
44、for two internal notches with differentdepths.9.3.3 Since the skip distances vary with vessel geometry, a separate DAC curve shall be produced for each type of pressurevessel. The last point of the DAC curve shall be at a known distance on the standardization ring. The maximum scanning distanceshall
45、 not exceed the distance corresponding to the last point on DAC curve.9.3.4 The same procedure shall be used to generate DAC curves for internal and external notches.9.3.5 Some ultrasonic instrumentation may have the capability to provide electronic compensation such as time-varied gain(TVG/STC), di
46、gitized storage and display of Distance Amplitude (D-A) response curve or Distance Amplitude Gate functions(DAG). Application of these functions may require modification of the prescribed procedures. Refer to the Manufacturersoperational instructions.10. Examination Procedure10.1 Since this procedur
47、e usually follows acoustic emission (AE) testing, the ultrasonic examination is applied to thoselocations on the pressure vessel that produced locatable AE events. Prior to ultrasonic examination, the position of the source ofE2223 123each AE indication shall be clearly marked on the vessel. If spac
48、e is available, the recommended scanning area is 12 in. (30 cm)each side of the position of the AE indication. Ultrasonic examination shall be performed at service pressure.NOTE 4At service pressure, it is probable that the wall of the pressure vessel is strained and discontinuity surfaces are separ
49、ated. In this condition,the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic signal is at its maximum, making the indication easier to detect.10.1.1 Prior to scanning, the gain shall be increased by 6 dB over reference to increase examination sensitivity. Prior toevaluating and reporting the indication, gain must be returned to the same value used during standardization.10.1.2 Circumferential scanning shall be performed in both clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions to ensureadequate coverage of the marked location.NOTE 1Internal and external notches shall be adjace
