1、Designation: E2280 09E2280 13 An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of UpholsteredSeating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health CareFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2280; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and
3、standards is the specification of individual fire-test-responserequirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemedimportant to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it gives a significantlevel of comfort: a manufacturers know
4、s what is required to comply with the specifications andspecifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribedrequirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change on thosemanufacturers who supply safe systems meeting
5、 existing prescriptive requirements. However, as newmaterials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire theflexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibilityof the developer of an alternative approach to sta
6、te explicitly the assumptions being made to producethe output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-basedapproach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safetyengineering calculations, as this guide provides. The
7、 resulting fire hazard assessment focuses onupholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requiresdeveloping the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerationswithin the patient room which are potentially able to a
8、ffect the resulting fire hazard. This offersopportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health careoccupancies.As such, it provides methods and co
9、ntemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessmentfor use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in definedscenarios, o
10、nce the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is basedon the premise that an ignition has occurred.1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conducta fire ha
11、zard assessment.1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated withupholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies
12、, or systems intended for use inupholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. Itcan also aid those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safetypersonne
13、l in health care occupancies.1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific toupholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546 in that it1 This guide is un
14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings and Contents.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2013. Published February 2009October 2013. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003
15、2009 asE2280-03-091 DOI: 10.1520/E2280-09.10.1520/E2280-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
16、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
17、ted States1offers guidance that is specific to the issue of upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, rather than generalguidance. Appendix X11 includes some statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance w
18、ith this guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factorsdescribed in 1.7.1 1.7.4.1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy).1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures.1.7.3 Fire models or calculation procedures that are simultaneously relevant, accurate and appropriate.1.7.4 Advan
19、cement of scientific knowledge.1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begin inside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholsteredfurniture under consideration is inside the patient room.1.9 The fire scenarios used for this hazard assessment guide are described in 9.2. They
20、involve the upholstered furniture itemwithin the patient room as the first or second item ignited, in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, consideration shouldbe given to the effect of the patient room upholstered furniture item on the tenability of occupants of rooms other than the roomo
21、f fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers.1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that can occur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular, fireswith more severe initiating conditions than those assumed in the analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than that ca
22、lculatedusing this guide (see also 9.5).1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityo
23、f the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.13 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to Texti
24、lesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smo
25、ke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile MethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread PropertiesE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of C
26、omponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire ModelsE1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fire Models
27、 (Withdrawn 2011)3E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment S
28、tandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsE1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE2061 Guide for Fir
29、e Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and AssembliesF1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Mat
30、erials After WaterLeaching2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this
31、 historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.E2280 1322.2 CA Standards:4CA Technical Bulletin 116, “Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of UpholsteredFurniture,” January 1980CA Technical Bulletin 117, “Requirements, Test Procedures, and Apparatus for Tes
32、ting the Flame Retardance of ResilientFilling Materials Used in Upholstery Furniture,” January 19802.3 NFPA Codes and Standards:5NFPA 101 Code to Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and StructuresNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall C
33、overingsNFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior FinishNFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probability of FlashoverNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Sta
34、ndards:6ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabularyISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2.5 Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standard:8UL 197
35、5 Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative Purposes2.7 International Code Council Codes:9IBC International Building Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000 EditionIFC International Fire Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000 Edition2.8 AATCC Standards:10AATCC Test Method 86 - 2005 Drycleaning: Durab
36、ility of Applied Designs and FinishesAATCC Test Method 124 - 2006 Appearance of Fabrics after Repeated Home Laundering3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and associated with fire issues refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict
37、, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail. For definitions of terms usedin this guide and associated with textile issues refer to the terminology contained in Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology D123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions: D
38、efinitions contained in Terminology E176 deemed essential for use with this guide:3.2.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types of hazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environmentand with a
39、 number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies including but not limited to ease ofignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicity of combustion products and ease ofextinguishment.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a mat
40、erial, product, or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-response characteristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standards distinguishes between the response of materials, products or assemblies to heat and fl
41、ame“under controlled conditions,” which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fire conditions,” which is fire4 Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insulation, State of California, Department of ConsumerAffairs, 3485 Orange GroveAvenue, NorthHighlands, C
42、A, 95660-5595.5 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.6 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American NationalStandards Institute
43、 (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.7 Available from General ServicesAdministration, SpecificationsActivity, Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, NavalWeapons Plant,Washington, DC, 20407.8 Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333 Pfingsten
44、 Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.9 Available from International Code Council (ICC), 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600, Falls Church, VA 22041.10 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), One Davis Dr., P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215.E2280 133performa
45、nce. Fire performance depends on the occasion or environment and may not be measurable. In view of the limitedavailability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests, appropriately recognized as representing end-useconditions, is generally used as a predictor of the fire perfor
46、mance of a material, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions, including environmental, of one or more of the steps from beforeignition to the completion of combustion in an actual fire, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe conditions describing
47、a fire scenario, or a group of fire scenarios, are those required for the testing, analysis, or assessmentthat is of interest. Typically they are those conditions that can create significant variation in the results. The degree of detailnecessary will depend upon the intended use of the fire scenari
48、o. Environmental conditions may be included in a scenario definitionbut are not required in all cases. Fire scenarios often define conditions in the early steps of a fire while allowing analysis to calculateconditions in later steps.3.2.4 flashover, nthe rapid transition to a state of total surface
49、involvement in a fire of combustible materials within anenclosure.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surface temperatures of an enclosure and its contents rise, producing combustible gases and vapors, andthe enclosure heat flux becomes sufficient to heat these gases and vapors to their ignition temperatures. This commonly occurswhen the upper layer temperature reaches 600C or when the radiant heat flux at the floor reaches 20 kW/m2.3.2.5 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time.3.2.6 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid pa
