1、Designation: E2637 13Standard Guide forUtilizing the Environmental Cost Element StructurePresented by Classification E21501This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2637; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES)covered by Classification E2150 (andAdjunct E2150) providesa
3、 consistent and comprehensive structure across all phases ofenvironmental remediation projects and is a tool to improve thecost management of those projects. This guide is intended tofacilitate the application of the ECES to any environmentalremediation project, without regard to project size.1.2 Cl
4、assification E2150 establishes the broad, top-levelframework for environmental remediation projects by provid-ing a hierarchical list of project elements to two levels of detail.Its associated Adjunct E2150 supports the top-level structureby providing more detailed elements and definitions of theECE
5、S to three additional levels of detail. Although it isassumed that the user is familiar with Classification E2150,much of the content of the classification is repeated in thisguide to relieve the user of the burden of back-and-forthreferencing during use. It is assumed, however, that all users ofthi
6、s guide will have at hand both Classification E2150 and theAdjunct E2150 during project planning.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
7、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Term
8、inology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE2150 Classification for Life-Cycle Environmental WorkElementsEnvironmental Cost Element Structure2.2 ASTM Adjunct:3Adjunct E2150 Adjunct to Classification E2150: Environ-mental Cost Element Str
9、ucture at Levels 3, 4, and 5 andDefinitions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used in thisguide, refer to Terminology E631, and for general terms relatedto building economics, refer to Terminology E833.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Comprehensive
10、Environmental Response, Compensa-tion and Liability Act (CERCLA)A congressional mandate,also known as Superfund, CERCLA prescribes actions andregulatory requirements for reducing risks to human health andthe environment resulting from releases or threatened releasesof hazardous substances into the e
11、nvironment.3.2.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Acongressional mandate that requires the management of regu-lated hazardous wastes and requires that permits be obtainedfor facilities (both public and private) that treat, store, ordispose of hazardous wastes. RCRA also establishes stand
12、ardsfor these facilities and requires corrective actions (for example,remediation) of past releases of hazardous waste from regu-lated waste management units.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ASTAboveground Storage Tank3.3.2 CERCLAComprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act3.3.3 CLPCertifi
13、ed Laboratory Procedure3.3.4 CMSCorrective Measure Study3.3.5 COACode of Accounts3.3.6 CWMChemical Warfare Materials1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition
14、 approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2637 08. DOI:10.1520/E2637-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
15、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE2150A.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3.7 D5.1.2 Commun
16、icating project data between installations,complexes, agencies, and industry;5.1.3 Providing a project checklist;5.1.4 Cost and schedule estimating;5.1.5 Historical cost/schedule data collection;5.1.6 Historical project data collection (for example, tech-nology deployments, project conditions);5.1.7
17、 Validating and calibrating cost estimates and softwaretools; and5.1.8 Establishing and disseminating best practices andlessons learned.5.2 Several government agencies are already incorporatingthis structure into existing and future cost estimating models,databases, and other similar software tools
18、and systems.6. Procedure6.1 Overall StructureThe hierarchical nature of the ECEScost structure (Fig. 1) allows detailed cost data at Level 3 to besummarized into higher level cost elements in a standardizedfashion. It is recommended that the ECES be used as acommon standard through its top three lev
19、els. The use of Level4 or lower is optional. Similarly, while Level 5 is generallydeemed to provide a sufficiently low level of detail for mostprojects, the project managers are free to add further lowerlevels for their specific projects or portions of their projects.Care must be taken in developing
20、 the associated numericalcodes, however, to assure that each level directly relates to thenext higher level so that the project costs can readily be “rolledup” for reporting purposes.6.2 Level 1Level 1 of the structure includes seven costcategories. The first six categories represent the six life-cy
21、clephases of an environmental project. The final categoryProgram Management, Support, and Infrastructureis in-cluded to address costs that are not attributable to a distinctproject or are program management costs. Throughout the restE2637 132of this guide, the Level 1 cost element for ProgramManagem
22、ent, Support, and Infrastructure will be referred-to asPhase 8, to simplify references to the Level 1 cost elements.With minor variations in the definitions, these project life-cyclecategories apply to all environmental projects and programs,including environmental remediation, waste management, de-
23、contamination and decommissioning, ordnance and explosiveretrievals, underground and above-ground storage tanks, andother environmental work.6.2.1 Phase 1: AssessmentAssess and inspect site, pre-pare site inspection reports.6.2.2 Phase 2: StudiesRisk assessment, characterizationand investigations, d
24、evelopment and analysis of treatment orremediation options, and treatability studies.6.2.3 Phase 3: DesignEngineering design and pre-construction activities of treatment or remediation alternatives.6.2.4 Phase 4: ConstructionConstruction of selectedtreatment or remediation alternatives. Includes sta
25、rt-up, butexcludes all operations.6.2.5 Phase 5: Operations and Maintenance (O additional costdriving parameters for all Level 3 ECES elements must beidentified. The purpose of secondary parameters is to identifyand capture those characteristics that impact environmentalmanagement project cost. Cost
26、 driving parameters are data thatcharacterize activities or sub-activities and significantly effectcost. These cost driving parameters are readily available to thework managers who are acquainted with the work and can beincluded while reporting the cost data without requiringadditional resources. As
27、 an example, Element 4.18.01 (Phase4) Extraction Wells will commonly have an associated param-eter of each (that is, $X/each well). However, additional costdriving parameters are necessary to define this activity in ameaningful way. The additional cost driving parameters for thisactivity would inclu
28、de depth and diameter of the well, theconstruction material of the well, site conditions or physicalstate of media, and other parameters. Other typical cost drivingparameters might be given in terms of square feet, pounds,tons, gallons, cubic meters, etc. This information should bereadily available
29、to the project manager, and should be re-corded in a format (for example, tabular) that is conducive todatabase entry and management. The objective is to be asprecise and descriptive as possible for cost managementpurposes, as well as for cost comparisons among similarprojects. In environmental clea
30、n-up projects, the type of wastegenerated becomes a key cost driving parameter because of theregulatory requirements for packaging, handling,transportation, and disposal. Appendix X2 proposes a roster ofwaste categories, and Appendix X3 presents numerous othersecondary parameters related to the ECES
31、 Level 3 elements.7. Program-Specific Cost Category Definitions7.1 The seven project phases listed earlier (6.2) apply toenvironmental restoration, waste management, and facilityD or(2) 4.X.33.03 for all subprojects if the distinction for thiselement is not important between subprojects.7.6.1.6 If t
32、here are no subprojects, then there will be noalpha characters in the ECES number. In this case the num-bering for the ECES element Disposal Tipping Fees for Phase4 would be:(1) 4.33.037.6.2 This optional level is not considered to be one of theECES levels. Whether or not it is used, Level 1 of the
33、ECES isstill Phases 1 through 6 and 8, and the Level 2 is still the 34major ECES elements from Program Management, Support,and Infrastructure to DisposalCommercial.8. Keywords8.1 CERCLA; characterization; cleanup technology; codeof accounts; cost elements; cost estimation; cost management;decommissi
34、oning; decontamination; ECES; environmentalcost element structure; environmental management; environ-mental remediation; environmental restoration; life-cyclecosts; life-cycle phases; operation and maintenance; phases;program management; project management; RCRA; remedia-tion; site investigation; st
35、andard classification; surveillance andlong-term monitoring; waste management; WBS; work break-down structureAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE OF USE OF THE ECESX1.1 The following example is provided to show how to usethe ECES throughout the life-cycle of a project. This hypo-thetical
36、project involves a site that may or may not becontaminated with organic and inorganic hazardous waste.X1.2 Project DescriptionThe site is located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the country with very sandy soil and shallowgroundwater. The assessment conducted discovered that thegroundwater is contamin
37、ated with benzene, toluene,ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), lead, and high levels ofarsenic. As part of Phase 2 studies, it was also found that thecontaminants pose an unacceptable risk to a nearby commu-nity. Based on a cleanup technology alternative study, engi-neers will select groundwater pumpin
38、g followed bycoagulation/flocculation/precipitation and ion exchange as afinal step. The treatment units need to treat approximately onemillion gallons of groundwater per day. To remove the BTEX,Ultraviolet Photolysis will be used. A treatment train will bedesigned and constructed to clean up the si
39、te. The technologies(treatment train) will be housed in a treatment train facility. TheO additional cost driving parameters forall Level 3 ECES elements must be identified. The purpose ofsecondary parameters is to identify and capture those charac-teristics that impact environmental management proje
40、ct cost.X3.2 Cost driving parameters are data that characterizeactivities or sub-activities and significantly effect cost. Thesecost driving parameters are readily available to the workmanagers who are acquainted with the work and can beincluded while reporting the cost data without requiringadditio
41、nal resources. As an example, Element 4.18.01 (Phase4) Extraction Wells will commonly have an associated param-eter of each (that is, $X/each well). However, additional costdriving parameters are necessary to define this activity in ameaningful way. The additional cost driving parameters for thisact
42、ivity would include depth and diameter of the well, theconstruction material of the well, site conditions, or physicalstate of media and other parameters. This information shouldbe readily available to the work manager.X3.3 The cost driving parameters associated with Level 3elements of ECES are pres
43、ented in a matrix format. The firstrow of the matrix identifies the secondary parameters ormeasures while the first four columns represents the ECESnumbers and titles. The numbers marked within the matrixrepresents those ECES phases where these parameters are mostapplicable and the bolded numbers re
44、present primary unit ofmeasure. The numbers are used as a guideline, and users arefree to use any parameters as appropriate. For example, theWBS Element X.22.09, Trickling Filter, is marked with thenumbers “4,5” in Materials Used column. This indicates thatduring both Phases 4 and 5, the materials u
45、sed are one of thecosts driving parameters.X3.4 Among the key cost driving parameters in environ-mental clean-up projects is the type of waste generated,because of the regulatory requirements governing theirpackaging, handling, transportation, and disposal. The moredifficult and dangerous the waste,
46、 the more stringent are thoserequirements. Accordingly, the following matrix provides forTABLE X2.1 Proposed Waste CategoriesCategories1. Sanitary Waste2. PCB WasteTo include radioactive PCB waste3. Asbestos WasteTo include radioactive asbestos waste4. Hazardous WasteWaste that appears on one of the
47、 four RCRA hazardous wastes lists or exhibits at least one of four characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, ortoxicity5. Mixed Radioactive WasteWaste containing both hazardous waste (“listed waste” and exhibits hazardous characteristics as defined in 40 CFR Part 261, Subpart C, or bot
48、h) and lowlevel radioactive waste (source material, special nuclear material, or by-product material subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954)6. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)Fly ash produced from burning coal (may contain uranium, thorium or other naturally occurring radionuclides)
49、Bulk wastes produced when mining uranium ores using underground mining, in-situ leaching, or surface excavation methods (typically containing radium,uranium and thorium)7. Uranium Mill Tailings (11e.(2) WasteWaste rock (fine grained, sand-like, and silt materials) and processing equipment generated from mining and milling operations8. Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLW)Radioactive waste not classified as high level waste, transuranic waste, or spent nuclear fuel, and does not contain RCRA-hazardous wasteLLW accounts for approximately 90 % of all radioactive waste
