1、Designation: E2717 11Standard Practice forEstimating the Environmental Load of ResidentialWastewater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2717; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a set of instructions for estimat-ing the environmental load of residential water, as it isdischarged from
3、 a residence. The environmental load is calcu-lated based on the number and type of fixtures in the home, thecommon household chemicals used, and the number of peoplein the home. While the format is broadly applied internation-ally, the parameters stated herein reflect North Americanaverages and wou
4、ld need to be modified if used elsewhere.1.1.1 Averages MethodThe Averages Method provides anestimate of the annual environmental load for the average U.S.single-family home based on 2000 U.S. Census and 2007U.S. Census Data and U.S. EPA/625/R-00/008 characterizationof residential wastewater flows.1
5、.1.2 Unique Product Parameters MethodThe UniqueProduct Parameters Method provides an estimate of the annualenvironmental load, where the home/product parameter valuesare the same as those used for the Averages Method except forestimated amounts of chemical contaminants listed in Table 1or average to
6、tal annual use of products as listed in Table 1,orboth.1.1.3 Adjusted Averages MethodThe Adjusted AveragesMethod provides an estimate of the annual environmental load,where home/product parameter values differ from those usedfor the Averages Method, except that chemical contaminantsassociated with p
7、roducts do not vary. (Table 1 remains thesame for: Typical Water Contaminants, Estimated Amount ofContaminant in Product (%), and the Percent Waste.)1.1.4 Additional/Alternative Chemicals MethodTheAdditional/Alternative Chemicals Method provides an esti-mate of the annual environmental load, of chem
8、icals used thatare not listed in Table 1.1.1.5 The Unique Product Parameters Method, AdjustedAverages Method, and Additional Chemicals Method may beused in combination with each other.1.2 Instructions are provided for a single-family home.Estimates may be expanded to an aggregate number ofsingle-fam
9、ily homes by assuming an average home size andmultiplying by the number of homes. Estimates may beadapted to multi-unit residential buildings by factoring thehome parameters for size, occupancy, and fixtures as necessary.1.3 For the purpose of this practice, environmental loadrefers to chemical cont
10、aminants that may be dissolved orsuspended in water.1.3.1 Estimates of environmental load do not include or-ganic matter common for urine, feces, and vomit.1.3.2 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulkfood waste such as kitchen scraps.1.3.3 Estimates of environmental load do not include
11、bulkcellulose waste such as toilet paper.1.3.4 Actual environmental load may vary depending ontypes and amounts of chemicals used in a specific home and thenumber of people in the home.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included
12、 in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
13、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of Buildings1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain-ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings andConstruction.Current ed
14、ition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. DOI: 10.1520/E2717-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、 ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 Chemical Contaminants Attributable to WastewaterProduct Type Typical UsesTypical WaterContaminantsAverage TotalProduct UsedPer YearAssumptionsEstimated Amountof Co
16、ntaminantin Product (%)Percent WasteAntiperspirant /DeodorantControls sweat andbody odor (feet,underarms, genitalia)AluminumA66.56 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 10 sticks perperson22.22 65 95Bar Soap Used for daily hygiene Sodium Salts 48 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bar amonth per reside
17、nce80 100Liquid Soap(hand anddishwashing)Used for daily hygiene Sodium Salts 90 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bottle amonth per residence3 100Shampoo Used for daily hygiene Propylene Glycol 174 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bottle amonth per residence6 100Sodium LaruethSulfate30Mouthwash
18、 Used to enhance oralhygieneEthanol 277.92 Usage per year isbased on 23.16 oz permonth20.48 95Pharmaceuticals alleviate pain andimprove healthvaries #1.87 lb/year passed through urineBvaries 100varies 0.03 lb disposed (dumped) inwaste watervariesBleach removal of stains fromlaundrySodium hypochlorit
19、e 624 oz/year usage per applicationbased on 2 washes aweek.6.78 5 100Disinfectant removal of mold andmildew; cleanser fortoilets and dishwasherSodium hypochlorite 324 oz/year (found inspray cleaners)usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.2.73 37.5 50cleaning tubs
20、 andsinksAmmonium Hydroxide 336 oz/year usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.7.5 95 100Drain Cleaner Unclogs drains.Dissolves grease andhair.Sodium hydroxide orpotassium hydroxide64 oz/year Drain cleanser wouldnot be used in aregular cleaningregimen. Usage woul
21、dresult from uniquesituations. Assumeaverage usage is 16oz per application.Assume 64 oz is theaverage amountneeded per year.Sodium Hydroxide:2.32 PotassiumHydroxide: 47.5100Automatic DishwasherSoapUsed for cleaningdishesPhosphates 378 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 31.5 oz permonth30 100Laundry D
22、etergent Used to remove dirt,oil, grease, and stainsfrom clothes. Sanitizesclothes and mayprovide a fragrance tothe fibers.Ethanol/SD Alcohol 40 208 oz/year usage per applicationbased on 2 large loadwashes a week, using2 oz per wash.0.67 5 100Sodium tetraborateanhydrous0.83 5Monoethanolamine(MEA)0.6
23、7 2.67Toilet Bowl Cleaner sanitize and removestainsHydrochloric Acid 96 oz/year usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.10.19 100E2717 1122.2 Other References:2000 U.S. Census32007 U.S. Census Data4U.S. EPA/625/R-00/008 Onsite Wastewater Treatment Sys-tems Manual,
24、 February 2002 (U.S. EPA characterizationof residential wastewater flows)53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor terms related to sustainability relativeto the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 environmental load, nchemical contam
25、inant(s) dis-solved or suspended in water.3.2.1.1 DiscussionEnvironmental load more broadly mayrefer to the amount of contaminant(s) in a given medium;however, for the purpose of this practice, the scope is isolatedto the study of water that leaves a residence from a fixture(s).3.2.2 fixture, nperma
26、nently or semi-permanently installeddevice.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe term as used in this standardencompasses not only plumbing fixtures such as water closetsand urinals but also water-using equipment such as dishwash-ers.3.2.3 parametric ratio, na ratio that compares the quan-tities of like parameters,
27、 such that the numerator is the uniqueparameter, and the denominator is the average parameter.3.2.4 percent waste, nthe amount of a contaminant dis-charged through the wastewater system.3.2.5 unique parameter, na parameter that differs fromthe average parameter and depends on unique characteristics
28、ofa residence.3.2.6 waste factor, nthe calculated environmental load fora given chemical contaminant.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the average waste factor, multiplythe annual amount of contaminant by the percent waste.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice estimates the annual environmental load,exclusive
29、 of biological waste, food waste, and paper waste, onwastewater for an average home in the U.S.4.1.1 This practice may be used to estimate the environmen-tal load of a specific residential building by utilizing specifichome parameters (such as the number of people, the totalsquare footage of the hom
30、e, types/quantity of fixtures) andspecific product parameters (such as type and quantity), or bymodifying the percentage factors for product usage listed inTable 1, or by a combination thereof.4.2 This practice may be used to estimate the environmentalload attributable to a residential area by multi
31、plying theenvironmental load calculated for an average single-familyhome by the number of single-family homes in the residentialarea. If multi-unit residences are included in the residentialarea, additional modification will be necessary to factor size,number of fixtures, and occupancy rates.5. Sign
32、ificance and Use5.1 There is increasing concern regarding water quality. Thefirst national-scale U.S. examination of these organic waste-water contaminants in streams, conducted by the Toxic Sub-stances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey(USGS), indicated that a broad range of chemicals
33、found inresidential, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters commonlyoccurs in mixtures at low concentrations downstream fromareas of intense urbanization and animal production. The3Available from U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC20233, http:/www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.
34、html.Census 2000, taken April 1, 2000, counted 281 421 906 people in the 50 statesand the District of Columbia. The questionnaire included seven questions for eachhousehold: name, sex, age, relationship, Hispanic origin, race, and whether thehousing unit was owned or rented. In addition to these sev
35、en questions, about 17percent of the households got a much longer questionnaire including questions aboutancestry, income, mortgage, and size of the housing unit.4Available from U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC20233, http:/www.census.gov/const/c25Ann/sfforsalemedavgsqft.pdf,
36、http:/www.census.gov/const/c25Ann/ssforsalebaths.pdf, andhttp:/www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html.5Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/625r00008/h
37、tml/625R00008chap3.htm.TABLE 1 ContinuedProduct Type Typical UsesTypical WaterContaminantsAverage TotalProduct UsedPer YearAssumptionsEstimated Amountof Contaminantin Product (%)Percent WasteSwimming PoolCleaning Agentssanitize water chlorine 0.001 lb sand filter backwash n/aC100filter water Mineral
38、s (calcium,magnesium,manganese, iron,and others)0.218 lb sand filter backwash n/a 100AIncludes various oxides of aluminum.BHuman adults urinate about 1-2 liters a day. 5 % of the volume of normal urine contains solutes. Some solutes are formed from normal biochemical activity within thecells of the
39、body. Other solutes are the results of chemicals that originated outside of the body, such as pharmaceuticals. For average dosage of four pills daily, 2 litersof urine a day could contain up to 0.002 lb of active pharmaceuticals. Then in one year, a human may pass 0.73 lb of pharmaceuticals. The ann
40、ual average amount ofpharmaceuticals passed through urine for a residence is: 1.87 lb.CThe average chemical concentration of pool water, for one pool, is calculated with consideration to the total amount of pool water that can flow into city lines duringa backwash procedure (reverse flow). The total
41、 amount of flow reversed depends on three parameters: filter size, flow rate, and duration of time for a backwash. The threemost common swimming pool filters are: sand filters, diatomaceous earth filters, and cartridge filters. A backwash procedure is often implemented for pools with a sandfilter or
42、 diatomaceous earth filter.The following are average values used in calculating the average chemical concentrations for a sand filter:filter size: 2.68 square feetflow rate: 13.5 gallons / square foot / minuteduration: 3 minutesMultiplying these three parameters gives the average amount of reverse f
43、low: 108.54 gallons.E2717 113chemicals include pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic hor-mones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fireretardants. One or more of these chemicals were found in 80 %of the streams sampled.65.2 This practice may be used by building owners anddesign
44、professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of aresidence. In particular, it is intended to inform design deci-sions and operation decisions regarding estimated wastewaterquality impacts of a building.5.3 This practice may be used by planners and watertreatment professionals to assess water st
45、ewardship impacts ofa residential area. In particular, it is intended to informinfrastructure decisions regarding estimated wastewater qualityimpacts of a residential service area.5.3.1 This practice may be used to estimate the types andamounts of non-biological wastes entering a wastewater sys-tem.
46、 Such knowledge is becoming increasingly important indeveloping sustainable approaches to water stewardship.5.4 Table 2, Environmental Load for Average U.S. Single-Family Home, does not list all chemicals used in homes; inorder to obtain a more accurate estimation, the chemicals usedin specific home
47、s should be listed. In addition, it may behelpful to monitor wastewater to determine variances, if any,from the estimated environmental load.6. Home and Product Parameters6.1 Home Parameters7 Home parameters utilized in thisstandard are as follows:6.1.1 SizeAverage single-family home size is 2521 sq
48、uarefeet.6.1.2 OccupancyAverage single-family occupancy is 2.56occupants.6.1.3 FixturesAverage single-family fixtures8are: 3 sinks,2.5 toilets, 2 tubs, 0.7 dishwashers, 1 clothes washer (laundrymachine), and 0.1 pools.6.2 Product ParametersProduct parameters utilized inthis standard are as follows:6
49、.2.1 Personal Care ProductsAverage personal careproducts are antiperspirant/deodorant, bar soap, liquid soap,shampoo, and mouthwash with chemical contaminants towastewater as indicated in Table 1.6.2.2 PharmaceuticalsAverage pharmaceuticals and asso-ciated chemical contaminants to wastewater are as indicated inTable 1.6.2.3 Cleaning ProductsAverage cleaning products arebleach, disinfectant, drain cleaner, automatic dishwasher soap,laundry detergent, toilet bowl cleaner, and swimming poolcleaning agents with chemical contaminants to wastewate
