1、Designation: E2921 16aStandard Practice forMinimum Criteria for Comparing Whole Building Life CycleAssessments for Use with Building Codes, Standards, andRating Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2921; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides criteria to be applied irrespectiveof
3、the assessment (LCA) tool that is used when LCA isundertaken at the whole building level to compare a final wholebuilding design to a reference building design.1.2 The purpose of this practice is to support the use ofwhole building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in buildingcodes, standards, and buildin
4、g rating systems by ensuring thatcomparative assessments of final whole building designs rela-tive to reference building designs take account of the relevantbuilding features, life cycle stages, and related activities insimilar fashion for both the reference and final building designsof the same bui
5、lding.1.3 The criteria do not deal with building occupantbehavior, possible future changes in building function, buildingrehabilitation or retrofit, or other matters that cannot beforeseen or reasonably estimated at the design or permittingstage, or both where this practice applies.1.4 Only environm
6、ental impacts and aspects of sustainabil-ity are addressed in this practice. The social and economicimpacts and aspects of sustainability are not addressed in thispractice.1.5 This practice does not deal with basic LCAmethodology, calculation methods or related matters that arecovered in cited inter
7、national standards.1.6 This practice does not supersede or modify existing ISOstandards for the application of LCA at the product level, nordoes it address any of the following related applications:1.6.1 Aggregation of building products EnvironmentalProduct Declarations (EPD) at the whole building l
8、evel;1.6.2 Rules for applying EPDs in a building code, standard,or rating system; and1.6.3 Comparability of building product EPDs.NOTE 1ISO 14025 and ISO 21930 provide guidance on use andcomparability of building products EPDs.1.7 This practice does not specify the impact categories orsustainability
9、 aspects to be addressed in building codes,standards, or building rating systems and users of this practiceconform to the impact category requirements specified in theapplicable code, standard, or rating system.1.8 The text of this standard contains notes that provideexplanatory material. These note
10、s shall not be considered asrequirements of the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
11、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of Buildings2.2 Other Standards:3ISO 21930 Sustainability in building construction Envi-ronmental declarati
12、on of building productsISO 14025 Environmental labels and declarations Type IIIenvironmental declarations Principles and proceduresISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management Life CycleAssessment Principles and FrameworkISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management Life CycleAssessment Requirements and Guidel
13、inesISO 14050 Terminology1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain-ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings andConstruction.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2013. Last previous edi
14、tion approved in 2016 as E2921-16. DOI:10.1520/E2921-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Ava
15、ilable from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.
16、Terminology3.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the perfor-mance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.3 For terms related to LCA (for example, product system,input, output) refer to ISO 14050 Terminology.3.
17、4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.4.1 building, na shelter comprising a partially or totallyenclosed space(s), erected by means of planned forces offorming and combining materials. E6313.4.2 building, vthe act or process of construction. E6313.4.3 building product, nan item manufact
18、ured as anindependent unit capable of being joined with or used withother elements for incorporation in buildings.3.4.3.1 DiscussionDerived from definition of “buildingcomponent” in Terminology E631.3.4.4 building service lifethe period of time after installa-tion during which a building (or its par
19、ts) meet or exceed theperformance requirement(s).3.4.5 characterization factorfactor derived from a char-acterization model that is applied to convert an assigned lifecycle inventory analysis result to the common unit of thecategory indicator.3.4.5.1 DiscussionThe common unit allows calculation ofth
20、e category indicator result (ISO 14044).3.4.6 impact categorya class representing environmentalissue of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis resultsmay be assigned.3.4.7 life cycle assessement (LCA)compilation and evalu-ation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmentalimpacts of
21、 a product system throughout its life cycle.3.4.8 life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)phase of life cycleassessment involving the compilation and quantification ofinputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle.3.4.9 operating energyenergy loads that are related tobuilding space conditioni
22、ng, lighting, service water heating orventilation for human comfort.3.4.10 plug loadsall energy use by devices, appliancesand equipment connected to convenience receptacle outletsduring the building service life.3.4.11 process energyenergy loads that are not directlyrelated to building space conditi
23、oning, lighting, service waterheating or ventilation for human comfort, sometimes referredto as process loads.3.4.12 reference building designa building design createdto be used as a benchmark, or baseline, against which a finaldesign is compared.3.4.13 reference service lifeservice life of a buildi
24、ngproduct that is known or expected under a particular set, that is,a reference set of in-use conditions and that shall form the basisof estimating the service life under other in-use conditions.3.4.14 relocatable modular buildinga partially or com-pletely assembled building that complies with appli
25、cablecodes, or state regulations, at the time of construction and isconstructed in a manufacturing facility using a modular con-struction process. Relocatable modular buildings are designedto be reused or repurposed multiple times and transported todifferent building sites.3.4.15 whole building life
26、 cycle assessment (whole buildingLCA)life cycle assessment of the complete buildingenclosure, structural systems, interior walls, and interior fin-ishes and trim of a building, which may include operatingenergy, but excludes furniture and attached cabinetry.3.4.15.1 DiscussionMore information on stu
27、dy boundar-ies of the LCA is included in 6.3.4. ISO Compliance4.1 The procedures used for building product LCA shall becompliant with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice provides criteria that building designteams shall use to compare the environmental impacts associ-ate
28、d with a reference building design and a final buildingdesign, including additions to existing buildings where appli-cable.5.2 This practice deals specifically with material selectionfor initial construction, including associated maintenance andreplacement cycles over an assumed service life, taking
29、 oper-ating energy use into account if required or explicitly allowedunder the applicable code, standard, or rating system.6. Criteria6.1 Building and Product Service Lives:6.1.1 Unless otherwise specified by the applicable code,standard, or rating system, the building service life shall be noless t
30、han 75 years.6.1.2 The same building service life shall be assumed for thereference building design and for the final design.6.1.3 Product replacement schedules shall reflect the refer-ence service lives for individual products or materials and theconsequent number of replacements required over the
31、assumedbuilding service life.6.1.4 When the reference service life of a product is lessthan the assumed building service life, the aggregate impactsassociated with the number of product replacements necessaryto equal the service life of the building shall be included. Whenthe reference service life
32、of the product is greater than theassumed building service life, the impacts associated with theproduct shall not be discounted to reflect the remaining productservice life.NOTE 2If the expected life of a component is 20 years and theassumed building service life is 75 years, then the impacts would
33、bemultiplied by 3.75 to normalize the changeovers to be equivalent to therequired 75-year life service. However, if the expected life of a componentis greater than 75 years, then the impacts would not be scaled.6.2 Life Cycle Stages:6.2.1 All life cycle stages associated with the building shallbe ta
34、ken into account for the reference and final designs,E2921 16a2including resource extraction or harvesting, building productmanufacturing, all related transportation, on-site construction,operations including maintenance and replacement, and decon-struction or demolition and disposal.6.2.2 The opera
35、tions stage shall include operating energyuse if required or explicitly allowed by the applicable code,standard, or rating system, in which case the results of energysimulations for the reference and final building designs shall beincluded in the LCAs and combined with embodied effects forthe purpos
36、e of calculating impact measures.6.2.3 Plug loads are permitted to be included in operatingenergy estimates. Process energy is excluded unless there is aclear and documented relationship to operating energy orunless process energy is required by the applicable code,standard, or rating system. The fi
37、nal building design shallinclude comparable plug loads and process loads if such loadsare included in the operating energy estimates for the referencebuilding design to which the final design is being compared.6.2.4 If operating energy use is included, the reference andfinal building designs shall b
38、e in the same location, withidentical temperature zones, and have the same orientation asper 6.4.1. The same energy simulation tool shall be used toestimate annual operating energy use on an hourly basis forboth the reference and final building designs.6.2.5 Maintenance and replacement schedules and
39、 actionsfor components during the operations stage shall be based onmanufacturer recommendations, if available, or on documentedcommon practice for similar materials used under similarconditions and exposure, and shall reflect building type andwhether the building is intended to be owner occupied or
40、rented.6.2.6 The disposal stage shall assign comparable burdens tothe reference and final building designs for all materials thatare landfilled or incinerated as a means of disposal.All burdensassociated with material reuse, recycling or incineration for thepurposes of generating electricity or spac
41、e conditioning shallbe excluded as a charge to the next use after they leave thedemolition/deconstruction site gate.6.3 Study Boundaries:6.3.1 Whole building LCAshall include the complete build-ing envelope and structural elements, inclusive of the materialcomponents of footings and foundations, int
42、erior walls, floorsand ceilings. Conduit, ductwork, piping, wiring and systemsserving an equivalent function shall be included.NOTE 3Conduit, ductwork, piping, wiring and systems serving anequivalent function are essential elements in the systems identified in 6.3.3below, but are fundamentally diffe
43、rent from a practical LCAperspective inthat they involve few materials and can be assessed at a representativeinstead of brand-specific level.6.3.2 Underground parking shall be included in the finaldesign if it is included in the reference design to which the finaldesign is being compared.6.3.3 Elec
44、trical and mechanical equipment and controls,plumbing fixtures, fire detection and alarm system fixtures,elevators and conveying systems shall not be included in theassessment.NOTE 4Life cycle inventory data or full LCAs for these equipmenttypes and systems are limited and tend to be brand specific.
45、 Further,building LCAs have shown that, while these types of equipment andsystems are critical to building operation, they have relatively insignificantembodied environmental impacts compared to the building structure andenvelope.6.3.4 Interior finishes shall be assessed to the extent thatdata is av
46、ailable, including through the use of a separate lifecycle assessment tool, provided that comparable or similarfunction and performance of interior finishes are included inthe reference building design to which the final design is beingcompared. All of the functions shall be represented in both ther
47、eference and final designs where interior finishes serve mul-tiple functions.6.3.5 Site development shall not be included.NOTE 5LCA in codes and rating systems is focused on the buildingmaterials, including the material components of footings and foundations.While excavation is an essential construc
48、tion step, the associated envi-ronmental effects of that aspect of construction are highly site specific,which affects data availability. Further, the effects are unlikely to besignificantly different for the reference versus final design given that bothdesigns must reflect the building size, functi
49、ons and orientation.6.4 Comparison to a Reference Building:6.4.1 A reference building design used as a benchmark shallmeet the same criteria with regard to location, orientation, size,function and space conditioning as for the final design beingcompared to the reference design.NOTE 6Space conditioning is included in the above criteria to ensurethat the final building design does not reflect a reduction in material usethat would adversely affect space conditioning compared to the referencebuilding design.6.4.1.1 Materials assumed for use in a re
