1、Designation: E3013/E3013M 15E3013/E3013M 17Standard Test Method forEvaluating Concrete Pavement Dowel Bar Alignment UsingMagnetic Pulse Induction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3013/E3013M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation m
3、ethods for the assessment of Portland CementConcrete Pavementcement concrete pavement dowel bar alignment using Magnetic Pulse Inductionmagnetic pulse induction(MPI), also referred to as magnetic imaging tomography or eddy current tomography. Magnetic Pulse Inductionpulse induction(MPI) devices indu
4、ce a weak pulsed weak-pulsed magnetic field that causes the induction of eddy currents in metal objectsdisturbing the field. When metal (dowel bar) enters into the field, an electrical signal is produced and processed through algorithmsto detect and produce quantitative values for the depth, alignme
5、nt, and side shift locations of each dowel and tie bar present in thepavement joint.1.2 MPI equipment includes the followingfollowing: systems scanning device that induces the magnetic field and collects theelectrical signal,signal; orientation system such as a rail system,system; field data collect
6、ion device that collects the signal datafrom the scanner, performs field analysis, and stores data,data; analysis software package that calculates the dowel bar positions,allows data adjustments to account for detected anomalies, and produces reports.1.3 MPI field procedures describe the steps and p
7、rocesses required to collect reliable, repeatable, and accurate results from thescanner operation and orientation system. Critical to the accuracy is the absence of any metal items except for the dowel bars inthe vicinity of the joints being tested. Metal in the scanner and orientation system should
8、 be minimized. The scanner operationprocedures cover the collecting of the data, reviewing the results on the field data collector, and determining if the data collectiontest was successful.1.4 MPI interpretation methods describe how to analyze data collected in the field procedure, steps taken to a
9、ddressinterferences, and anomalies discovered during the data analysis to provide accurate results for the dowel bar positions. Also,minimum report content is prescribed for the production of meaningful test information substantiating the results.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch
10、-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.1.6 This standard
11、does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was
12、 developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced D
13、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1078/A1078M Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Dowels for Concrete Pavement1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle - Pavement Systems and is
14、 the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.41 on PavementTesting and Evaluation.Current edition approved May 1, 2015June 1, 2017. Published July 2015June 2017. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asE3013/E3013M 15. DOI: 10.1520/E3013_E3013M-15.10.1520/E3013_E3013M
15、-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended onl
16、y to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versi
17、onof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 composite misalignment, nthe composite misalignment using the horizon
18、tal and vertical misalignments as componentsin calculating a total spatial deviation of the dowel axis from design orientation.3.1.1.1 DiscussionHorizontal and vertical misalignment are the legs of a right angle triangle right-angle triangle, and the composite misalignment isthe hypotenuse.3.1.2 dep
19、th, nthe measured position of the centroid of the dowel bar from the surface of the concrete pavement in thez-axis.z-axis.3.1.3 depth deviation, nthe difference in specified or design depth of the dowel bar versus the measured depth at the centroidof the dowel bar.3.1.3.1 DiscussionValues are expres
20、sed as either positive for additional depth or negative for less depth.3.1.4 horizontal misalignment, nalso referred to as horizontal skew, the amount of horizontal rotation in a dowel bar aboutits center point when viewed from above the edge of pavement or lane where the test was initiated.3.1.4.1
21、DiscussionRotation in a clockwise direction is reflected as a positive value. Rotation in a counter-clockwise direction is reflected as a negativevalue. The value is the distance from specified or design orientation to the as measured as-measured location on the end of thedowel bar. See Fig. 1.FIG.
22、1 Side Shift and Alignment OrientationE3013/E3013M 1723.1.5 horizontal translation, nalso referred to as dowel position (x-position), the movement of the dowel bar laterally alongthe centerline of the sawed joint in the concrete pavement.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPositive values are expressed for movement a
23、way from the starting point of the test.3.1.6 side shift, nthe movement of the dowel bar longitudinally from the centerline of the transverse joint (y-axis)(y-axis) inthe concrete pavement.3.1.6.1 DiscussionValues are expressed as either positive for movement to the right of the joint or negative to
24、 the left of the joint. This term can beused interchangeably with longitudinal translation. See Fig. 1.3.1.7 testing coordinate system, nspatial location reference methodology for establishing baselines to measure from in 3threedimensions.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThe x-axisx-axis lies along the transverse
25、joint line, the y-axisy-axis lies along the pavement or lane edge, and the z-axisz-axis isdown from the surface of the concrete pavement. Its origin point (0, 0, 0) begins with the intersection of the transverse joint line(x-axis),(x-axis), the longitudinal edge of the pavement (y-axis)(y-axis), and
26、 the surface of the concrete pavement (z-axis).(z-axis).Positive values represent points away from the edge of pavement for the x-axis,x-axis, to the right of the joint for the y-axisy(note-axis. (Note that it can be the inside or outside edge pavement depending upon the direction the test is perfor
27、med, and downfrom the surface of the concrete pavement for the z-axis.z-axis.)3.1.8 vertical misalignment, nalso known as vertical tilt, the amount of vertical rotation in a dowel bar about its center pointwhen viewed from the edge of pavement or lane where the test was initiated.3.1.8.1 DiscussionR
28、otation in a clockwise direction is reflected as a positive value. Rotation in a counter-clockwise direction is reflected as a negativevalue. The value is the distance from specified or design orientation to the as measured location on the end of the dowel bar.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Set-up for
29、 a test in the field requires assembling and setting the fiberglass rail (orienting) system that the scanning devicetravels on parallel to the joint that contains dowel bars across the joint. See Fig. 2 for orientation on the joint. Care should be takento ensure that the x- and y coordinate -coordin
30、ate starting points are correctly established. The x coordinate -coordinate orientationis referenced to the edge of pavement or lane. The y coordinate -coordinate is referenced to joint centerline. The rail (orienting)system should be clearly marked to aid in locating these critical references. The
31、data collection device input should also beperformed during the set-up phase where the location of the test is identified by highway number, cardinal direction (North, South,East or West),(north, south, east, or west), lane number, project stationing, and joint number. It is important to check the d
32、owelbar size selected in the data collector software since it contains the scanner specific scanner-specific calibration file for the dowelbar size selected and is used by the measurement algorithms. In addition, the operator should input project specificationFIG. 2 Rail (Orienting) SystemE3013/E301
33、3M 173requirements of design depth of dowel bars, tolerances for bar misalignment, and side shift. The operator should check thecommunication connection between the data collector and scanner prior to starting the data collection.4.2 Prior to starting the test, the operator should inspect the adjace
34、nt area within 10 ft 3 m of the rail (orienting) system forany metallic objects that could interfere with the quality of data taken. Metallic interferences can be vehicles, equipment, tools,underground duct banks, pipes, direct buried cables, and safety shoes with metal. Metal objects such as reinfo
35、rcing structural steelin barriers or guardrail systems near the end of the rail (orienting) system can affect the edge of pavement results such asreinforcing structural steel in barriers or guardrail systems. edge-of-pavement results. Metallic items that cannot be removed fromthe test area should be
36、 noted for inclusion in the report during the analysis period.4.3 The scanner should be inspected daily prior to the start of testing to make sure that its wheels roll freely, its battery is fullycharged, and that there is less than 18 in. (approximately 3 mm) of lateral movement on the rail (orient
37、ing) system.4.4 The test begins with the operator pulling or pushing the scanning device along the rail (orienting) system at walking speed.The scanner movement should be smooth and constant to avoid causing the scanner to jump or lurch forward on the rail system.The operator should stand to one sid
38、e of the rail (orienting) system to avoid the tripping hazard from the crossties.After the scannertravels the length of the joint or the test area, the operator should review the results shown on the data collector. Field results shoulddisplay as a minimum a color map showing each dowel bar, and the
39、 following quantitative data x coordinate -coordinate location,depth of dowel bar.4.5 The data should be transferred from the field data collector to the users personal computer that contains the manufacturersproprietary software used to further refine the results. The software allows interpretation
40、 and adjustment analysis to produceaccurate results. The software should produce reports and summaries that are suitable for quality control records.4.6 The PC software performs data management for the test data files and reports, and produces maps and summary output files.After selecting a data fil
41、e for analysis, the measurement algorithm is initiated to calculate the dowel bar x-coordinate,x-coordinate,depth from surface of the concrete, horizontal mis-alignment,misalignment, vertical mis-alignment,misalignment, and minimumconcrete coverage at the dowel bar end closest to the top of concrete
42、. From the measurement data deviation from design depth,deviation from the y-coordinatey (side-shift)-coordinate (side-shift), and composite misalignment (a calculation of combiningx-coordinatex-coordinate and y-coordinatey-coordinate misalignments) are calculated. The software should be able to com
43、pare theproject specification limits inputted by the operator to the calculated measurements, and highlights deviations outside of the limits.The software should allow the operator to block-out block out strongly deviating values due to the physical location of the barbeing outside of the operating
44、limits for achieving the stated accuracy tolerances.4.7 The PC software provides signal results quality indicators for the 3three interior sensors collecting the electrical signal.These indicators, used in conjunction with the signal curves allowscurves, allow the operator to detect interferences in
45、 the test area.Once a disturbance is detected then the operator should evaluate the cause of the disturbance, such as a tie or thin bar in thelongitudinal joint, and decide whether to do one of the following: (1) insert a value for a dowel bar, (2) delete a value for a dowelbar, or (3) do nothing an
46、d just note the interference. Insertion or deletion of dowel bars does not alter the original data file nor theoriginal results. It does allow for compensation within the algorithms to more accurately reflect the true position of the bars in thejoint. The quality indicators should guide the operator
47、 in this processprocess; with each successive insertion or deletion the qualityvalues should improve.4.8 The PC software should produce output files capable of being printed as a colored map showing the dowel bars in the joint,a plan and section view with project specification tolerance limits, valu
48、es for x-coordinates,x-coordinates, depth, y-coordinatey-coordinate deviation (side shift), horizontal and vertical misalignments. A project information box with location and joint numbershould also be included. The section view of the map should also show the location of both ends of the bar (left
49、and right) versusthe tolerance limits.4.9 The PC software should produce a data file that is compatible with commercially available spreadsheet software such asMicrosoft Excel that shows project information and measurements and calculations listed above in 4.5.5. Significance and Use5.1 Joints in concrete pavements of highways, airfields, and other facilities are exposed to stresses and strains due to traffic andtemperature variation. Examining concrete pavement dowel bars (see Specifications A615/A615M and A1078/A1078M) in jointsis important to insureensure
