1、Designation: E456 083An American National StandardStandard TerminologyRelating to Quality and Statistics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E456; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected edito
3、rially in January 2009.2NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2010.3NOTENew terms were added and other terms corrected editorially in May 2011.1. Scope1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard forterms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Qualityan
4、d Statistics.1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to anE11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normativefor that term. Any changes in the term definition in thenormative standard will be editorially changed in this standard.Any terms added to an E11 standard will be e
5、ditorially addedto this standard with an attribution to that standard.1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will benoted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considerednormative for any E11 terms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM E11 Standards with Terms in This Standard:2E29 Practic
6、e for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on theResults of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE178
7、Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1169 Practice for Conducting Ruggedness TestsE1325 Terminology Relating to Design of ExperimentsE1402 Guide for Sampling DesignE1488 Guide for Statistical P
8、rocedures to Use in Develop-ing and Applying Test MethodsE1994 Practice for Use of Process Oriented AOQL andLTPD Sampling PlansE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-butes Indexed by AQLE2281 Practice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndicesE2282 Guide for Defining the Test Re
9、sult of a Test MethodE2334 Practice for Setting an Upper Confidence Bound Fora Fraction or Number of Non-Conforming items, or a Rateof Occurrence for Non-conformities, Using Attribute Data,When There is a Zero Response in the SampleE2489 Practice for Statistical Analysis of One-Sample andTwo-Sample
10、Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing ProgramsE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncer-tainty of Test Results of a Test Method in a SingleLaboratory Using a Control Sample ProgramE2555 Practice for Factors and Procedures forApplying theMIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
11、E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic StatisticsE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in StatisticalProcess Control1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Qualityand Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on Editorial/Terminology.Cu
12、rrent edition approved April 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E456 06e1. DOI:10.1520/E0456-08E03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
13、k of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E2655 Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results andUse of the Term Measuremen
14、t Uncertainty in ASTM TestMethodsE2696 Practice for Life and Reliability Testing Based on theExponential DistributionE2709 Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Complywith a Lot Acceptance ProcedureE2782 Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 3534 Statistics-Vocabulary
15、and SymbolsPart 1 Probability and General Statistical TermsPart 2 Applied Statistics3. Terminologyacceptance quality limit, AQL, nquality limit that is theworst tolerable process average when a continuing series oflots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234accepted reference value, na value tha
16、t serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or international organi-zation, or (3) a consensus or certified value, bas
17、ed oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E177accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. E177aliases, nin a fractional factorial design, two or more effectswhich are estimated by the same contrast and
18、 which,therefore, cannot be estimated separately. E1325area sampling, nprobability sampling in which a map,rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as thesampling frame. E1402assignable cause, nfactor that contributes to variation in aprocess or product output that is feasible to detect an
19、didentify (see special cause). E2587attributes data, nobserved values or test results that indi-cate the presence or absence of specific characteristics orcounts of occurrences of events in time or space. E2587attributes, method of, nmeasurement of quality by themethod of attributes consists of noti
20、ng the presence (orabsence) of some characteristic or attribute in each of theunits in the group under consideration, and counting howmany units do (or do not) possess the quality attribute, orhow many such events occur in the unit, group, or area.E2334audit subsample, na small subsample of a sample
21、 selectedfor review of all sample selection and data collectionprocedures. E141average outgoing quality (AOQ)the average percent defec-tive of outgoing product including all accepted lots orbatches, after any defective units found in them are replacedby acceptable units, plus all lots or batches whi
22、ch are notaccepted after such lots or batches have been effectively100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by accept-able units. E1994average outgoing quality limit (AOQL)the maximum oftheAOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective forthe process, for a given acceptance sampling pl
23、an. E1994average quality protectiona type of protection in whichthere is prescribed some chosen value of average percentdefective in the product after inspection (average outgoingquality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the longrun no matter what may be the level of percent defective inth
24、e product submitted to the inspector. E1994average run length (ARL)the average number of times thata process will have been sampled and evaluated before ashift in process level is signaled. E2587average standard deviation, s, narithmetic average ofsample standard deviations. E2281balanced incomplete
25、 block design (BIB), nan incompleteblock design in which each block contains the same numberk of different versions from the t versions of a singleprincipal factor arranged so that every pair of versionsoccurs together in the same number, l, of blocks from the bblocks. E1325bias, nthe difference bet
26、ween the expectation of the testresults and an accepted reference value. E177bulk sampling, nsampling to prepare a portion of a mass ofmaterial that is representative of the whole. E1402c chartcontrol chart that monitors the count of occurrencesof an event in a defined increment of time or space.E25
27、87calibration, nprocess of establishing a relationship betweena measurement device and a known standard value(s).E2782center lineline on a control chart depicting the average levelof the statistic being monitored. E2587chance causesource of inherent random variation in aprocess which is predictable
28、within statistical limits (seecommon cause). E2587characteristic, na property of items in a sample or popula-tion which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,helps to distinguish between the items. E2282check samplesee control sample. E2554classification of defects, nthe enumeration of possi
29、bledefects of the unit of product arranged according to theirseriousness, that is, critical, major, or minor defect. E2234cluster sampling, nsampling in which the sampling unitconsists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured forsampled clusters. E1402coefficient or variation, CVfor a nonne
30、gative characteristic,the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean for apopulation or sample. E2586collaborative study, ninterlaboratory study in which eachlaboratory uses the defined method of analysis to analyzeidentical portions of homogeneous materials to assess theperformance characteristics
31、 obtained for that method ofanalysis. E2489collaborative trial, nsee collaborative study. E2489common causesee chance cause. E2587component of variance, na part of a total variance identifiedwith a specified source of variability. E1488completely randomized design, na design in which thetreatments a
32、re assigned at random to the full set of experi-mental units. E1325E456 0832completely randomized factorial design, na factorial ex-periment (including all replications) run in a completelyrandomized design. E1325composite design, na design developed specifically forfitting second order response sur
33、faces to study curvature,constructed by adding further selected treatments to thoseobtained from a 2nfactorial (or its fraction). E1325confidence bound, nsee confidence limit. E2334confidence coefficient, nthe value, C, of the probabilityassociated with a confidence interval or statistical coveragei
34、nterval. It is often expressed as a percentage.ISO 3534 Part 1,E2334confidence interval, nan interval estimate of a populationparameter, calculated such that there is a given long-runprobability that the parameter is included in the interval.E2334confidence level, nsee confidence coefficient. E2334c
35、onfidence limit, nthe upper or lower limit of a confidenceinterval for a population parameter. E2334confounded factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only a fraction of the treatment combinations are runin each block and where the selection of the treatmentcombinations assigned to each bl
36、ock is arranged so that oneor more prescribed effects is (are) confounded with the blockeffect(s), while the other effects remain free from confound-ing. E1325confounding, ncombining indistinguishably the main effectof a factor or a differential effect between factors (interac-tions) with the effect
37、 of other factor(s), block factor(s) orinteractions(s). E1325consumers risk, nprobability that a lot having specifiedrejectable quality level will be accepted under a definedsampling plan. E2555contrast, na linear function of the observations for whichthe sum of the coefficients is zero. E1325contra
38、st analysis, na technique for estimating the param-eters of a model and making hypothesis tests on preselectedlinear combinations of the treatments (contrasts). E1325control chart, nchart on which are plotted a statisticalmeasure of a subgroup versus time of sampling along withlimits based on the st
39、atistical distribution of that measure soas to indicate how much common, or chance, cause variationis inherent in the process or product. E2587control chart factor, na tabulated constant, depending onsample size, used to convert specified statistics or parametersinto a central line value or control
40、limit appropriate to thecontrol chart. E2587control limits, nlimits on a control chart that are used ascriteria for signaling the need for action or judging whethera set of data does or does not indicate a state of statisticalcontrol based on a prescribed degree of risk. E2587control sample, nsample
41、 taken from a stable, homogeneousmaterial for the purposes of monitoring the performance ofa test method in a laboratory. E2554critical defect, na defect that judgment and experienceindicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditions forindividuals using, maintaining, or depending upon the prod-
42、uct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E2234defect, nany nonconformance of the unit of product withspecified requirements. E2234dependent variable, nsee response variable. E1325design of experiments, nthe arrangement
43、 in which anexperimental program is to be conducted, and the selectionof the levels (versions) of one or more factors or factorcombinations to be included in the experiment. Synonymsinclude experiment design and experimental design.E1325double sampling plan, na multiple sampling plan in whichup to t
44、wo samplings can be taken and evaluated to accept orreject a lot. E2234empirical percentile, nestimate of a population percentileusing the sample data. This is a sample value such that apercentage p of the sample is less than that value. E2586equal complete coverage result, nthe numerical character-
45、istic of interest calculated from observations made bydrawing randomly from the frame, all of the sampling unitscovered by the frame. E141error of result, na test result minus the accepted referencevalue of the characteristic. E2655estimate, nsample statistic used to approximate a populationparamete
46、r. E2586evolutionary operation (EVOP), na sequential form ofexperimentation conducted in production facilities duringregular production. E1325EWMA chart, ncontrol chart that monitors the exponen-tially weighted moving averages of consecutive subgroups.E2587expanded uncertainty, U, nuncertainty repor
47、ted as a mul-tiple of the standard uncertainty. E2655experimental design, nsee design of experiments. E1325experimental unit, na portion of the experiment space towhich a treatment is applied or assigned in the experiment.E1325experiment space, nthe materials, equipment, environmen-tal conditions an
48、d so forth that are available for conductingan experiment. E1325exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA),nweighted average of time-ordered data where theweights of past observations decrease geometrically withage. E2587factorial experiment (general), nin general, an experimentin which all possib
49、le treatments formed from two or morefactors, each being studied at two or more levels (versions)are examined so that interactions (differential effects) as wellas main effects can be estimated. E13252nfactorial experiment, na factorial experiment in which nfactors are studied, each of them in two levels (versions).E1325fractional factorial design, na factorial experiment inwhich only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatmentsrequired for the complete factorial experiment is selected tobe run. E1325E456
