1、Designation: E 592 99 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Guide toObtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity forRadiography of Steel Plates14 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thickwith X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick withCobalt-601This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 592; the number
2、 immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReappr
3、oved with editorial changes in June 2009.1. Scope1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensi-tivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for whichthe image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practicalradiographic conditions. The values represent near optimumsensitivity
4、 for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions thatgive higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen orbackscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorersensitivity.1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainablewith practical radiographic systems are included as adjun
5、cts tothis guide and may be obtained from ASTM.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
6、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 746 Practice for Determining Relative Image QualityResponse of Industrial Radiographic Ima
7、ging SystemsE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ISO Standar
8、d:ISO 7004 PhotographyIndustrial Radiographic FilmsDetermination of ISO Speed, ISO Average Gradient, andISO Gradients G2 adn G4 When Exposed to X- andGamma-Radiation32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements forMetals4NAVSEA Technical Publication T9074-AS-Gib-010/271 Requ
9、irements for Nondestructive Testing Methods2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between XRays and Cobalt-6053. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, refer to Terminology E 1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 A key consideration
10、 with any radiographic system is itscapability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree ofobtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent uponseveral radiographic parameters such as source energy level,film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure(density), etc.
11、 This guide permits the user to estimate thedegree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays andcobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radio-graphic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunc-tion with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developingdata for evaluation
12、of a users specific system. This data mayassist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtain-ing desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E0
13、7.02 on ReferenceRadiological Images.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 592 - 99(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
14、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section
15、D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radio-graphic illust
16、rations detailed in Section 6.5. Procedure5.1 Sensitivity for14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel UsingX Rays:5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from astatistical study of visibility of images of penetrameter holes.Near 100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on anyradiograph was
17、taken as the criterion for determining sensitiv-ity. Most radiographs will show slightly better sensitivity thanindicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature ofrecording information from a beam of X rays but occasionally,one will not show quite as good sensitivity.5.1.2 Fig. 1 illustrates
18、 obtainable equivalent penetrametersensitivity (see Appendix X1 of Practice E 1025) for fourX-ray films. The films are identified by reciprocal roentgenspeed when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004 in a 200-kVrange, and processed in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations (see Guide E 999)
19、.Film No. Speed11724.03124 0.355.1.3 The radiographic exposure conditions were: 36-in.(914-mm) focus-film distance, 5-mil (0.13-mm) front and10-mil (0.25-mm) back lead screens, 20 mAmin exposure, andkilovoltage adjusted to give a density of near 2.0.5.1.4 Most high-quality industrial X-ray films int
20、ended fordirect or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developedaccordingly to give these speed values, will provide similarillustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will give illustrationsof sensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems.5.1.5 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to s
21、how the thinnestpenetrameter for which the image of the 2T hole will be visible.The intersection of the line for a particular steel thickness andthe line for a given film projected onto the abscissa gives thebest obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity. The inter-section projected to the left
22、 ordinate gives the minimumpenetrameter marking (thickness in mils) in accordance withPractice E 1025 for which the image of the 2T hole will beNOTE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.FIG. 1 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel When Radiographing with X Rays.NO
23、TE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.FIG. 2 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum PenetrameterMarkings for Showing the 2T Hole When Radiographing14 to2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel with X Rays.E 592 99 (2009)12visible. The right ordinate gives the minimum marking inaccordance with MIL-STD-271 for wh
24、ich the image of the 2Thole will be visible.5.1.6 Fig. 3 gives the ASTM and military markings forwhich the image of the 1T hole will be visible.5.1.7 To take an example, on Fig. 2 the intersection of thecurve for 1-in. (25-mm) thick steel and for Film No. 2 showsthat the penetrameter sensitivity is
25、1.45 %. The minimumASTM penetrameter thickness that will show the 2T holeimage is 15. The corresponding military marking is 0.75 (seedashed lines). On Fig. 3 the sensitivity is, of course, 1.45 %.The minimum ASTM penetrameter thickness that will showthe 1T hole image is 22 and the military specifica
26、tion markingis 1.1.5.1.8 If radiographs are exposed to a density other than 2 bychanging mAmin exposure, but not kilovoltage, the equivalentpenetrameter sensitivity (EPS) that will be obtained in thedensity range 1.3 to 4 can be calculated approximately asfollows:EPSD5 EPS22/D!1/4(1)where:D = densit
27、y to which the radiograph is exposed,EPS2= sensitivity for D = 2.0, andEPSD= sensitivity for D.NOTE 1A clear definition of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity hasnot been established for penetrameters less than 10 mils (0.25 mm) thick.For this work it was calculated as follows:EPS,%5 70.7 dT!1/2/t (
28、2)where:d = diameter of penetrameter hole,T = thickness of penetrameter, andt = specimen thickness.The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Figs. 2 and 3 is aresult of the established 10-mil minimum hole diameter.5.2 Sensitivity for 1 to 6-in. (25 to 152-mm) Thick SteelUsing Cobalt-60:5.
29、2.1 For cobalt-60 radiography of steel, the variables thataffect image quality and that can be controlled are the speed ofthe film and the recording of scattered radiation relative to therecording of image-forming radiation. The relative recordingof scatter (the scatter buildup factor) can be decrea
30、sed by theuse of lead filtration between the specimen and the film or bythe use of low-atomic-number metal screens. Either methodgives nearly equal improvement in image quality for a givenincrease in exposure.5.2.2 Radiographs of flat steel plates were made either with10-mil (0.25-mm) thick front an
31、d back lead or copper screens.A30-Ci source, 4 by 4 mm, was used with a setup designed togive maximum buildup of scatter in the specimen and nobackscatter. The source-to-film distance was 36 in. (914 mm).The exposure was adjusted for a density near 2.0.5.2.3 The four films used are identified by rec
32、iprocal roent-gen speed when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004 usingcobalt-60 radiation and processed in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations.Film No. Speed13.52 0.673 0.134 0.045.2.4 Fig. 4 shows equivalent penetrameter sensitivity ob-tainable for 1 and 4-in. (25 and 102-mm) thick ste
33、el as afunction of exposure in curie minutes. Fig. 5 shows equivalentpenetrameter sensitivity obtainable for 2 and 6-in. (51 and152-mm) thick steel as a function of exposure. The numbers onthe curves indicate the various radiographic exposures shownin Table 1.5.2.5 The films, screens, and exposures
34、used for the radio-graphs were as specified in Table 1.6. Descriptions and Suggested Uses of ReferenceRadiographic Illustrations (See 1.2)6.1 Eight radiographs were chosen to illustrate sensitivitiesobtainable with practical radiographic systems. Table 2 listsfilms and exposure conditions for refere
35、nce illustrations Nos. 1through 6 (for X-ray) and Table 1 lists films and exposureconditions for illustrations Nos. 7 and 8 (for cobalt 60). Theradiographic illustrations for cobalt correspond to radiographsNos. 9 and 12 in Table 1 and Fig. 4.6.2 Each radiographic illustration has an array of ASTMpe
36、netrameters on the right-hand side and a corresponding arrayof steel plaques containing holes of varying diameters on theleft-hand side. Illustrations Nos. 1 through 6 contain plaqueswhich represent 2 % of steel thicknesses radiographed andeach has ten holes of a given diameter. Illustrations Nos. 7
37、 and8 contain plaques 0.060-in. (1.51-mm) thick, and each has 10NOTE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.FIG. 3 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum PenetrameterMarkings for Showing the 1T Hole When Radiographing14 to2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel with X Rays.E 592 99 (2009)13and 15 holes respectivel
38、y of a given diameter. The plaque forwhich all hole images are just visible represent near limitingpenetrameter sensitivity.6.3 Reference radiographs Nos. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate thevisibility of penetrameter holes for radiography of12 ,1,and112-in. (13, 25, and 38-mm) thick steel using film No. 2. T
39、heexposure conditions were as specified in 5.1.3.6.4 Reference radiograph No. 4 illustrates penetrametersensitivity for12-in. (13-mm) steel using film No. 4. Acomparison of reference radiograph Nos. 1 and 4 illustrates theeffect of film speed on penetrameter sensitivity for a constantmilliampere-min
40、ute exposure with adjusted kilovoltage.6.5 A comparison of reference radiographs Nos. 1, 5, and 6illustrates the effects on penetrameter sensitivity of changingNOTE 1The numbers on curves refer to exposure conditions given inTable 1.FIG. 4 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for Cobalt-60Radiography
41、 of 1 and 4-in. (25 and 102-mm) Thick Steel at 36-in.(914-mm) Distance.NOTE 1The numbers on curves refer to exposure conditions given inTable 1.FIG. 5 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for Cobalt-60Radiography of 2 and 6-in. (51 and 152-mm) Steel at 36-in. (914-mm) Distance.E 592 99 (2009)14exposu
42、re (2.5, 20, and 160 mA . min) for a given film byadjusting kilovoltage to maintain film density at 2.0.6.6 Reference radiographs Nos. 7 and 8 are illustrations ofresults obtained for cobalt-60 sources of radiation. Theyillustrate the extremes in sensitivity for radiography of 4-in.(102-mm) thick st
43、eel.7. Precision and Bias7.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof Guide E 592, since the guide merely provides informationfor estimating sensitivity values or for performing a userspecific evaluation of a radiographic system.8. Keywords8.1 cobalt 60; density; equivalent penetram
44、eter sensitivity;exposure; reference radiographic illustrations; X raysASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of
45、any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are
46、 invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not rece
47、ived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) o
48、f this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Description of Cobalt-60 Radiographs Cited in Figs. 4and 5Thickness ofSteelRadio-graphFilm ScreensExpo
49、sure,Cimin1 in. (25 mm) 1 2 lead 1302 2 copper 2403 3 lead 7704 4 copper 3 1002 in. (51 mm) 5 1 copper 706 2 lead 2607 2 copper 5108 3 copper 3 0204 in. (102 mm) 9 1 copper 38010 2 lead 1 43011 2 copper 2 80012 3 copper 15 7006 in. (152 mm) 13 1 lead 1 14014 1 copper 2 24015 2 lead 7 80016 2 copper 16 000TABLE 2 Description of Reference Radiographs Using X RaysNOTE 1The focus-film distance was 36 in. (914 mm) and thekilovoltage was adjusted to give a density near 2.0 on all of theradiographs described below.Radiograph No.Thickness of Steel,in. (mm)F
