1、Designation: E648 14c An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure formeasuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source ina graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated
4、 concretestructural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, orotherwise mounted in a typical and representative way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the criticalradiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating oneaspect of fire exposure behavior for floor-covering sy
5、stems.The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levelslikely to impinge on the floors of a building whose uppersurfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fullydeveloped fire in an adjacent room or compartment. Thestandard was developed to simulate an important fire ex
6、posurecomponent of fires that develop in corridors or exitways ofbuildings and is not intended for routine use in estimatingflame spread behavior of floor covering in building areas otherthan corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for informationon proper application and interpretation of experiment
7、al resultsfrom use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes andfootnotes, excluding those in
8、tables and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-
9、riskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and de
10、termine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average f
11、or a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible BarrierPackagingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E176 for additional defi-nitions.3.2 De
12、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a per-fect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and,therefore, a reflectivity of zero.3.2.2 corridor, nan enclosed space connecting a room orcompartment with an exit. The corridor includes normalex
13、tensions, such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, wherepresent.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level of incident radiantheat energy on the floor covering system at the most distantflame-out point. It is reported as W/cm2(Btu/ft2s).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E0
14、5 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E648 14b. DOI:10.1520/E0648-14C.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A
15、STM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
16、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the last vestige offlame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.3.2.5 floor covering, nan essentially planar material hav-i
17、ng a relatively small thickness in comparison to its length orwidth, which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort,and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single material, compositeor assembly comprised of the floor covering and relatedinstallation components (adhesive, cu
18、shion, etc.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile, nthe curve relating incident radiant heatenergy on the specimen plane to distance from the point ofinitiation of flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8 time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber dooris closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the spec
19、imenhas been moved into the chamber (see 12.5).3.2.9 total flux meter, nthe instrument used to measure thelevel of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane atany point.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gasfueled radiant heat energy panel inc
20、lined at 30 to and directedat (2) a horizontally mounted floor covering system specimen,Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy fluxdistribution ranging along the 100-cm length of the testspecimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2to aminimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open
21、-flameignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-outis converted to watts per square centimetre from the flux profilegraph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response standard is designed to provide abasis for estimating on
22、e aspect of the fire exposure behavior ofa floor-covering system installed in a building corridor. The testenvironment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is intended to be suitable for regulatory statutes,specificatio
23、n acceptance, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The fundamental assumption inherent in the test is thatcritical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flamespread of floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system speci-mens
24、that follow or simulate accepted installation practice.Tests on the individual elements of a floor system are of limitedvalue and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE648 14c25.5 In this procedure, the specime
25、ns are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test methodto predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristicsmeasured. Therefore, the resu
26、lts are valid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure.6. Flooring Radiant Panel Test ChamberConstructionand Instrumentation6.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber employed forthis test shall be located in a draft-protected laboratory.6.1.1 The flooring radiant panel
27、 test chamber, Fig. 3 andFig. 4, shall consist of an enclosure 1400 6 10 mm (55 6 0.39in.) long by 500 6 10 mm (1912 6 0.39 in.) deep by 710 6 10mm (28 6 0.39 in.) above the test specimen. The sides, ends,and top shall be of 13-mm (12-in.) calcium silicate, 0.74 g/cm3(46 lb/ft3) nominal density, ins
28、ulating material with a thermalconductivity at 177C (350F) of 0.128 W/(mK) 0.89 Btuin./(hft2F). One side shall be provided with an approximately100 by 1100-mm (4 by 44-in.) draft-tight fire-resistant glasswindow so the entire length of the test specimen will beobservable from outside the fire test c
29、hamber. On the same sideand below the observation window is a door that, when open,allows the specimen platform to be moved out for mounting orremoval of test specimens. When required for observation, adraft-tight fire-resistant window shall be installed at the lowflux end of the chamber.6.1.2 The b
30、ottom of the test chamber shall consist of asliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securingthe test specimen holder in a fixed and level position. The free,or air access, area around the platform shall be in the rangefrom 2300 to 3225 cm2(356 to 500 in.2).6.1.3 When the rate of flame
31、 front advance is to bemeasured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall beinstalled on the back of the platform or on the back wall of thechamber.6.1.4 When the extent of flame travel is to be measured aftera prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metalscale described in 6.1.3
32、shall be used.6.1.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stackwith interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm (4.00 6 0.13 in.) wideby 380 6 3 mm (15.00 6 0.13 in.) deep by 318 6 3mm(12.506 0.13 in.) high at the opposite end of the chamber fromthe radiant energy source.6.2 The radiant heat energy sou
33、rce shall be a panel ofporous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with aradiation surface of 305 by 457 mm (12 by 18 in.). It shall becapable of operating at temperatures up to 816C (1500F).The panel fuel system shall consist of a venturi-type aspiratorfor mixing gas3and air at approximat
34、ely atmospheric pressure,a clean, dry air supply capable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h(1000 standard ft3/h) at 76 mm (3.0 in.) of water, and suitableinstrumentation for monitoring and controlling the flow of fuelto the panel.6.2.1 The radiant heat energy panel is mounted in thechamber at a nominal angl
35、e of 30 6 5 to the horizontalspecimen plane. The radiant panel shall be adjusted to obtainthe flux profile within the limits specified in 10.6. Thehorizontal distance from the 0 mark on the specimen fixture tothe bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surface of the3Gas used in this test shall be
36、commercial grade propane having a heating valueof approximately 83.1 MJ/m3(2500 Btu/ft3), commercial grade methane having aminimum purity of 96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 2 Standard Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE648 14c3panel is 89 6 3 mm (3.5 6 0.13 in.). The panel-to-specimenvertical distance is 14
37、0 6 3 mm (5.5 6 0.13 in.) (see Fig. 3).6.2.2 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermaloutput of the panel shall be suitable for viewing a circular area254 mm (10 in.) in diameter at a range of about 1.37 m (54 in.).It shall be calibrated over the 490 to 510C (914 to 950F)operating blackb
38、ody temperature range in accordance with theprocedure described in Annex A1.6.2.3 A high impedance or potentiometric voltmeter with asuitable millivolt range shall be used to monitor the output ofthe radiation pyrometer described in 6.2.2.6.3 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructedfrom
39、 heat-resistant stainless steel (AISI Type 300 (UNA-NO8330) or equivalent) having a thickness of 1.98 mm (0.078in.) and an overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm (45 by 1234in.) with a specimen opening of 200 6 3mmby1000+15mm-0 mm (7.9 6 0.13 in. by 39.4 + 0.59 -0 in.). Six slots shall becut in the fla
40、nge on either side of the holder to reduce warping.The holder shall be fastened to the platform with two stud boltsat each end.6.4 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, is anominal 6 mm (14 in.) inside diameter, 10 mm (38 in.) outsidediameter stainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenl
41、yspaced 0.7 mm (0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilledradially along the centerline, and 16 evenly spaced 0.7 mm(0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially 60 belowthe centerline (see Fig. 6). In operation, the gas flow is adjustedto 0.085 to 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scal
42、e) flow rate.The pilot burner is positioned no more than 5 from thehorizontal so the flame generated will impinge on the specimenat the 0 distance burned point (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). When theburner is not being applied to the specimen, move it away fromthe ignition position so it is at least 50 mm
43、 (2 in.) away fromthe specimen.FIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side ElevationE648 14c46.4.1 With the gas flow properly adjusted and the pilotburner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm (2.5 in.) at either end to approximately127 mm (5 in.) at th
44、e center.6.4.2 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean.Asoftwire brush has been found suitable to remove the surfacecontaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with anoutside diameter of 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) is suitable for openingthe holes.6.5 A 3.2-mm (18-in.) stainless steel she
45、athed groundedjunction Chromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in theflooring radiant panel test chamber (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Thechamber thermocouple is located in the longitudinal centralvertical plane of the chamber 25 mm (1 in.) down from the topand 102 mm (4 in.) back from inside the ex
46、haust stack.6.5.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensureaccuracy of readout.6.5.2 An indicating potentiometer with a range from 100 to500C (212 to 932F) shall be used to determine the chambertemperature prior to a test.6.6 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTPm3/min (1000 to 3000
47、 standard ft3/min) decoupled from thechamber stack by at least 76 mm (3 in.) on all sides and withan effective area of the canopy slightly larger than plane area ofthe chamber with the specimen platform in the out position isused to remove combustion products from the chamber.6.6.1 Before igniting t
48、he panel, but with the exhaust hoodoperating and the dummy specimen in place, the air flow ratethrough the stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min (250 6 50ft/min) when measured with a hot wire anemometer about 30 sFIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE648 14c5after inserti
49、on of the probe into the center of the stack openingat a distance of 152 mm (6 in.) down from the top of the stackopening.6.6.2 The hot wire anemometer shall have an accuracy of60.1 m/s.6.7 The dummy specimen that is used in the flux profiledetermination shall be made of 19-mm (34-in.) inorganic 0.74g/cm3(46 lb/ft3) nominal density calcium silicate board (seeFig. 5). It is 250 mm (10 in.) wide by 1070 mm (42 in.) longwith 27-mm (1116-in.) diameter holes centered on and alongthe centerline at the 100, 200, 300, . , 900 mm locations,measur
