1、Designation: E688 94 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Methods forWaste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessingthe compliance of glass recovered from wastes for use as a
3、rawmaterial for glass manufacturing.1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations withboth chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testingsequence is included in this test method (see Fig. 1).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement a
4、re included in thisstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
5、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-ments, see 5.3, 5.5, Section 6, 11.1.1 and 12.3.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Limeand Borosilicate GlassC566 Test Method for Total Evap
6、orable Moisture Contentof Aggregate by DryingC702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-ing SizeC729 Test Method for Density of Glass by the Sink-FloatComparatorD1068 Test Methods for Iron in WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2576 Method ofTest for Metals inWater andWasteWaterb
7、y Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry3D4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Waterby High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric De-tectionE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sam
8、ple Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristicof a Lot or Process3. Significance and Use3.1 These test methods provide a means for determiningwhether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material forglass manufacturing.4. Apparatus4.1 The following various items
9、of equipment required maybe purchased from most laboratory supply houses:4.1.1 Aspirator.4.1.2 Balance.4.1.3 Burner, Fisher (Meker) type.4.1.4 Crucible, porcelain or other ceramic.4.1.5 Crucible, platinum.4.1.6 Flask, filtering, with side tube, 2000-ml.4.1.7 Funnel, Bchner, approximately 171 mm in d
10、iameter.4.1.8 Funnel, approximately 150 mm in diameter, filtering.4.1.9 Furnace, 540C or 1000F.4.1.10 Clamps, tubing, screw compressor.4.1.11 Magnet, C-shaped, Alnico.4.1.12 Magnifier,53,103.4.1.13 Oven, 110C or 230F.4.1.14 Scales, triple-beam.4.1.15 Sieves, U.S. Standard Series50 mm (2 in.), 6.3 mm
11、(14 in.), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 850 m (No. 20), 425 m (No. 40),250 m (No. 60), 106 m (No. 140), conforming to Specifi-cation E11.4.1.16 Sink-Float Standard, sp gr 2.65.4.1.17 Triangle, platinum.4.1.18 Tubing, vinyl.44.1.19 Other ancillary laboratory equipment.1These test methods are under the jurisdicti
12、on of ASTM Committee D34 onWaste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 onTreatment, Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E688 94 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/E0688
13、-94R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historic
14、al standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Tygon plastic tubing, available from Norton Co., Plastics and Synthetics Div.,Dept TR2, 12 East Ave., Tallmadge, OH 44278, or equivalent, has been foundsuitable for this purpose.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
15、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Socie
16、ty,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.5.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be unde
17、rstood to mean reagent water, TypeII, as defined in Specification D1193.5.3 WarningAcetone (see 15.5)This substance is highlyflammable (Class B) and must not be used in the vicinity ofopen flames or other ignition sources. Vapors should not beinhaled, since they can cause skin and membrane irritatio
18、n.5.4 Ethyl Alcohol, denatured.5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 N and 6 N) (see 12.3.2/15.11)Prepare 3 N acid by diluting 1 part of concentrated hydrochlo-ric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) with 3 parts of water. Prepare 6 Nacid by diluting 1 part of concentrated HCl with 1 part of water.(WarningThese materials are
19、 corrosive and injurious to theskin as well as irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes.)5.6 Potassium Hydroxide, Saturated SolutionAdd 100 gof potassium hydroxide (KOH) slowly, while stirring, to 100ml water. Store this solution in a polyethylene bottle. Thissolution is corrosive and injurious t
20、o the skin.5.7 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3).5.8 sym-Tetrabromoethane (Acetylene Tetrabromide) (sp gr2.964)This substance has a threshold limit value (8 htime-weighted average exposure) of 1 ppm and a short time5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Wash
21、ington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 1 Si
22、mplified Testing Flow ChartE688 94 (2011)2exposure limit (15 min) of 1.25 ppm. It must be used in a hoodor under conditions of ensured ventilation.6. Hazards6.1 The analyst should be aware of good laboratory prac-tices. Adequate ventilation is necessary, particularly for han-dling sym-tetrabromoetha
23、ne and the density liquids used in15.7.1-15.10.1. The flammability of acetone must be consid-ered when it is used in 15.5.6.2 Due to the origins of glass samples in municipal wastesdestined for disposal, common sense dictates that some pre-cautions should be observed when conducting tests on thesamp
24、les. Recommended hygienic practices include usinggloves when handling waste glass and washing hands beforeeating or smoking.7. Sampling7.1 Gross Sample Take a grab sample weighing 36 kg (80lb) in such a manner that it will be representative of the lot asdescribed in Practices E105 and E122.7.2 Test
25、Sample PreparationReduce the gross sample totwo samples, each weighing 18 kg (40 lb) by a method asdescribed in Practice C702. Use one sample for testing forinorganic material. Reduce the other sample by coning andquartering to produce at least seven samples, each weighing454 g (1 lb), to be used fo
26、r the remaining tests described inSections 8-14.7.3 Sample PreservationStore the gross sample and sub-sequent samples in such a manner as to prevent not only theloss of contaminants but to prevent further contamination, untilthe necessary tests can be performed. It is recommended thatsamples be stor
27、ed in sealed plastic bags (75 m or 3 mil) orother airtight containers in order to avoid gain or loss ofmoisture.8. Flow Test68.1 This test is used to ensure that the sample of glass showsno drainage, is noncaking, and free flowing.8.2 If the sample is 90 % larger than will pass through a1.18-mm (No.
28、 16) sieve, the requirements will be met if thesample shows no drainage of water.8.3 Method AIf the sample contains in excess of 10 %through a 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve, screen a sample through the1.18-mm sieve, 454 g (1 lb) of this material must flow out ofthe funnel as follows: Fit a powder funnel ha
29、ving a uniforminternal stem diameter of 18 mm, a stem length of 30 mm, anda top of 80 mm, in a rack, and close off the bottom by the palmof a hand. Pour the sample to be tested into the funnel until thefunnel is full. When the hand over the opening is removed,glass meeting the requirements will flow
30、 out of the funnel. Oneor two light taps on the funnel may be used to begin or aid flow.If the glass fails to flow out of the specified funnel and bothproducers and users agree, a second funnel test (Method B)may be performed; this test will measure the flow properties ofa somewhat more sticky glass
31、.8.4 Method BUse the same procedure as in Method Aexcept that the dimensions of the second funnel shall be: steminternal diameter, 38 mm; stem length, 48 mm; top diameter,170 mm.9. Moisture Content9.1 ProcedureDry five 454-g (1-lb) test samples (see 7.2)to constant weight in accordance with Test Met
32、hod C566.Drying time may be in the order of2hat110C (230F).Record the dry weight of at least one sample for use in 9.2. Usethe remaining dry samples for testing according to Sections10-14.9.2 Calculation Calculate the moisture content as fol-lows:Moisture, % 5original weight 2 dry weight! 3 100origi
33、nal weight(1)10. Particle Size10.1 ProcedureScreen a sample from 9.1 on a 50-mm(2-in.) sieve.Weigh the material remaining on the sieve. Screenthe material passing the sieve on a 106-m (No. 140) sieve.Anintervening sieve, such as a 212 m (No. 70) may be usedmerely to reduce the amount presented to th
34、e test sieve. Weighmaterial passing through the 106-m sieve. Shake all sievesmechanically for 10 min or by hand to achieve equivalentresults. Other intervening screen sizes may be utilized.10.2 Calculations Calculate the percent of plus 50-mmand minus 106-m material as follows:Plus 502mm material, %
35、 5 A/W! 3 100 (2)Minus 1062m material, % 5 B/W! 3 100 (3)where:A = weight of material on 50-mm sieve,B = weight of material through 106-m sieve, andW = dry weight of sample.11. Total Organics (Paper, Plastic, and OtherCombustibles)11.1 Indirect Method:11.1.1 ProcedureUsing a sample from 9.1, place t
36、hesample in an uncovered ceramic crucible(s) and heat to 540C(1000F). Maintain this temperature for12 h or until all flameand smoke have ceased. (WarningOverheating can causethe glass particles to fuse together. Allow the sample to cool toroom temperature, weigh, and calculate the percent totalorgan
37、ics. Reserve the sample or use an alternative dry samplefor subsequent tests.)11.1.2 Calculation Calculate the percent total organics asfollows:Total organics, % 5 100 2weight after ignition 3 100dry weight of sample(4)11.2 Direct Method for Organic CarbonOrganic carboncan only be inferred from the
38、method in 11.1. Organic carboncan be determined directly by the method in this section.6More detailed testing procedures and the effect of compaction are discussed byCarson, J. W., in International Journal of Powder Metallurgy and PowderTechnology, vol. 11, 1975, pp. 233239.E688 94 (2011)311.2.1 Pro
39、cedureOrganic carbon can be determined di-rectly by an instrumental method such as coulometrics.7TestMethod D4129 uses this instrumentation for total and organiccarbon in water. The instrument can be readily adapted to solidmaterials such as waste glass.12. Magnetic Material (Iron Contamination)12.1
40、 The method of testing for iron contamination willdepend on the particle size of the sample.12.2 Determination of Iron Contamination in Coarse Glass(Larger Than 6 mm in Size):12.2.1 ProcedureUsing the sample from 9.1 or from areplicate dry sample, spread a portion of the sample over aclean, dry surf
41、ace in such a manner as not to have any pilesover three particles deep. Cover the poles of a C-shapedAlnicomagnet or its equivalent with a piece of paper or plastic film.Draw the magnet slowly through the glass particles so as tocollect any magnetic material present. Transfer the magneticmaterial to
42、 an appropriate container by removing the coverfrom the magnet, while holding it over the container. Continuethis process until all of the sample has been exposed to themagnet. Screen at 6.3 mm (14 in.); then combine the magneticmaterial from all portions of the sample, weigh, and calculatethe perce
43、nt magnetic material. Reserve all portions of thesample, or from a replicate sample for subsequent tests.12.2.2 Calculation Calculate the percent magnetic mate-rial as follows:Magnetic material, % 5weight of tramp iron 3 100dry weight of sample(5)12.3 Determination of Iron Contamination in Fine Glas
44、s(Smaller than 6 mm Size):12.3.1 Weigh 100 g from the sample from 11.1 or from areplicate.12.3.2 Add 250 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) andslowly heat to a vigorous boil. Stir while boiling. (WarningRapid heating may cause “bumping.”)12.3.3 Cool the sample and filter through a medium filterpaper.
45、 Catch the filtrate in a 500-ml volumetric flask and washthe insolvable sample at least five times with warm distilledwater. Wash water should not exceed 500 ml. Allow the flaskand its contents to cool to room temperature and dilute tovolume with distilled water.12.3.4 Transfer an appropriate sized
46、aliquot to a 200-mlvolumetric flask and analyze for iron, by either Test MethodsD1068 or Test Method D2576.12.3.5 Calculation Calculate the percent iron as follows:Iron, % 5weight of iron Fe11! 3 100dry weight of sample(6)To report results as % Fe2O3, multiply by 1.43.13. Off-Color Glass13.1 This te
47、st is used to test for off-color glass in color-sorted glass used by the container industry. Glass samples thatare plus 1.18-mm (No. 16 sieve) particle size can be tested byvisual means. Glass samples that are minus 1.18-mm particlesize cannot be tested by visual means but must be chemicallyanalyzed
48、.13.2 Coarse Material Plus 1.18-mm.13.2.1 ProcedureSpread the dry sample from 9.1 on aclean, dry surface that is illuminated to at least 2150 lx (200fc). Visually pick out the off-color glass particles. The off-colorparticles should be segregated into amber, green (emeraldgreen and Georgia green sho
49、uld be segregated when examininga flint glass because emerald green has a chromium content tentimes that of Georgia green), flint, and other glass fractions.Georgia green can be visually distinguished from emeraldgreen, since Georgia green is lighter in color. Other glass colorsare those other than the colors listed. Save the fractions.13.2.2 Calculation Calculate the percent off-color glassas follows:Off2color glass, % 5weight of off2color glass 3 100dry weight of sample(7)13.3 ExamplesThe following examples are used to
