1、Designation: E 747 04Standard Practice forDesign, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification ofWire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the design, material groupingclassification, and man
3、ufacture of wire image quality indica-tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-rayradiology.1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as thecontrolling image quality indicator for the material thicknessrange from 6.4
4、 to 152 mm 0.25 to 6.0 in.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
5、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B 139 Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, andShapesB 150 Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, andShapesB 161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and TubeB 1
6、64 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, andWireB 166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys(UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617)Rod, Bar, and WireE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole
7、-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 Other Standards:4EN 4261 Non-Destructive TestingImage Quality ofRadiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-Type)-Determination of Image Quality Value3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe
8、definitions of terms in TerminologyE 1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology, shallapply to the terms used in this practice.4. Wire IQI Requirements4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be deter-mined by a set of wires conforming to the following require-ments:4.1.1 Wires sha
9、ll be fabricated from materials or alloysidentified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials maybe used in accordance with 7.3.4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order ofincreasing diameter. The diameter sizes specified in Table 1 areestablished from a consecutive series of
10、 numbers taken ingeneral from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricatedin accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 andTables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirementsof Annex A1 may be used as an alternate provided all otherrequirements of this practice are met.4.1.
11、3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than thoseshown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractualagreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 ismodified in size, it must contain the grade number, set identity,and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wir
12、esthat are the next size larger and the next size smaller asspecified in the applicable set listed in Table 1.4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbersmade of industrial grade lead or of a material of similar1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-st
13、ructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiographic Practice and Penetrameters.Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 747 - 97.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel C
14、ode applications see related PracticeSE-747 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
15、M website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.radiographic density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs.1-8 o
16、r Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractualagreement.4.1.5 European standard EN 462-1 contains similar provi-sions (with nominal differences-see table A1.1) for wire imagequality indicators as this standard (E 747). International usersof these type IQI standards who prefer the use of EN 46
17、2-1 fortheir particular applications should specify such alternateprovisions within separate contractual arrangements from thisstandard.5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement5.1 When selecting IQIs for procurement, the followingfactors should be considered:5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of
18、 the material to beexamined.5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of thematerial(s) to be examined.5.1.3 Select the applicable IQIs that represent the requiredIQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).6. Image Quality Levels6.1 The quality level required using wire penetrametersshall be equivalent to
19、 the 2-2T level of Practice E 1025 forhole-type IQIs unless a higher or lower quality level is agreedupon between purchaser and supplier. Table 4provides a list ofvarious hole-type IQIs and the diameter of wires of corre-sponding equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) with theapplicable 1T, 2T, a
20、nd 4T holes in the IQI. This table can beused for determining 1T, 2T, and 4T quality levels. AppendixX1 gives the equation for calculating other equivalencies ifneeded.6.2 In specifying quality levels, the contract, purchase order,product specification, or drawing should clearly indicate thethicknes
21、s of material to which the quality level applies. Carefulconsideration of required quality levels is particularly impor-tant.7. Material Groups7.1 General:7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups basedon their radiographic absorption characteristics: groups 03, 02,and 01 for light metals
22、 and groups 1 through 5 for heavymetals.7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum(Al), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respec-tively, for their predominant alloying constituent. The materialsare listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.7.1.3 The heavy metal gro
23、ups, steel, copper-base, nickel-base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. Thematerials increase in radiation absorption with increasingnumerical designation.7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations have beenused for clarification of the pertinent materials.7.1.5 The materials from w
24、hich the IQI for the group are tobe made are designated in each case and these IQIs areapplicable for all materials listed in that group. In addition, anygroup IQI may be used for any material with a higher groupnumber, provided the applicable quality level is maintained.7.2 Materials Groups:7.2.1 M
25、aterials Group 01:7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made oftitanium or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constitu-ent.7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.2.2 Materials Group 02:7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be
26、 made ofaluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloyingconstituent.7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predomi-nant alloying constituent.7.2.3 Materials Group 03:7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofmagnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloyingcons
27、tituent.7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is thepredominant alloying constituent.7.2.4 Materials Group 1:7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofcarbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, stainlesssteels, and manganes
28、e-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston).57.2.5 Materials Group 2:7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofaluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B 150) orequivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 ofSpecification B 150) or equivalent.7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes
29、 and all nickel-aluminum bronzes.7.2.6 Materials Group 3:7.2.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made ofnickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) (Inconel).6(See Specification B 166).5Superston is a registered trademark of Superston Corp., Jersey City, NJ.6Inconel is a registered trademar
30、k of The International Nickel Co., Inc.,Huntington, WV 25720.TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity NumbersSET A SET BWire Diameterin. mmWire IdentityWire Diameterin. mmWire Identity0.0032 0.08A1 0.010 0.25 60.004 0.1 2 0.013 0.33 70.005 0.13 3 0.016 0.4 80.0063 0.16 4 0.020 0.51 90.008 0.2 5 0.02
31、5 0.64 100.010 0.25 6 0.032 0.81 11SET C SET DWire Diameterin. mmWire IdentityWire Diameterin. mmWire Identity0.032 0.81 11 0.10 2.5 160.040 1.02 12 0.126 3.2 170.050 1.27 13 0.160 4.06 180.063 1.6 14 0.20 5.1 190.080 2.03 15 0.25 6.4 200.100 2.5 16 0.32 8 21AThe 0.0032 wire may be used to establish
32、 a special quality level as agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier.E7470427.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 %nickel-maraging steel.7.2.7 Materials Group 4:7.2.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made of 70to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel)7(Class A or B of Specifi-c
33、ation B 164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel alloy(Alloy G of Specification B 161) or equivalent.7.2.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper series, orcopper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-zincalloys). Group 4 IQIs may include the leaded brasses sinceleaded brass incr
34、eases in attenuation with increase in leadcontent. This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.7.2.8 Materials Group 5:7.2.8.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs) shall be made of tinbronze (Alloy D of Specification B 139).7.2.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal and valvebronze, or leaded
35、-tin bronze of higher lead content than valvebronze. Group 5 IQIs may include bronze of higher leadcontent since leaded bronze increases in attenuation withincrease in lead content. This would be equivalent to using alower group IQI.NOTE 1In developing the eight listed materials groups, a number ofo
36、ther trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. For7Monel is a registered trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc.,Huntington, WV 25720.FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2E747043the purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materialsare lis
37、ted and categorized, by group, as follows:(1) Group 2Haynes Alloy IN-100.8(2) Group 3Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D9, G.E. Alloy SEL,Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93,Inconel X6, Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816.(3) Group 4Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastell
38、oy Alloy X, and MultimeterAlloy Rene 41.(4) Group 5Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: HastelloyAlloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy,Haynes Stellite No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. Image quality indicators(IQIs) of any of these materials are considered applicable for
39、 thematerials that follow it.8All Haynes alloys are registered trademarks of Union Carbide Corp., NewYork, NY.9All Hastelloys and Haynes Stellite alloys are registered trademarks of the CabotCorp., Boston, MA.FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2E747044NOTE 2The committee formulating thes
40、e recommendations recom-mend other materials may be added to the materials groups listed as theneed arises or as more information is gained, or that additional materialsgroups may be added.7.3 Method for Other Materials:7.3.1 For materials not herein covered, IQIs of the samematerials, or any other
41、material, may be used if the followingrequirements are met. Two blocks of equal thickness, one ofthe material to be examined (production material) and one ofthe IQI material, shall be radiographed on one film by oneexposure at the lowest energy level to be used for production.Transmission densitomet
42、er measurements of the radiographicimage of each material shall be made. The density of eachimage shall be between 2.0 and 4.0. If the image density of theIQI material is within 1.00 to 1.15 times (0 % to + 15 %) theimage density of the production material, IQIs made of thatIQI material may be used
43、in radiography of that productionmaterial. The percentage figure is based on the radiographicdensity of the IQI material.7.3.2 It shall always be permissible to use IQIs of similarcomposition as the material being examined.8. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Certification8.1 Documents shall be provided
44、 by the IQI manufacturerattesting to the following:8.1.1 IQI identification alternate, if used.FIG. 5 Set C/Alternate 1FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2E7470458.1.2 Material type.FIG. 7 Set D/Alternate 1FIG. 8 Set D/Alternate 2E7470468.1.3 Conformance to specified tolerances for dimensionalvalues.8.1.4 ASTM
45、standard designation, for example, ASTME 747(year designation) used for manufacturing.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and BiasNo statement is made about theprecision or bias for indicating the quality of images since theresults merely state whether there is conformance to the criteriafor success
46、specified in this practice.10. Keywords10.1 density; image quality level; IQI; radiologic; radiol-ogy; X-ray and gamma radiationANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. ALTERNATE IQI IDENTIFICATIONA1.1 The use of IQIs with identifications as shown onFigs. A1.1-A1.9 and as listed in Table A1.1 is permitted as
47、 anacceptable alternate provided all other requirements of PracticeE 747 are satisfied.TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, mmWire Diameter d, mm Tolerance, mm0.000 d# 0.125 60.00250.125 d # 0.25 60.0050.25 d # 0.5 60.010.50 d # 1.6 60.021.6 d # 4 60.034.0 d # 8 60.05TABLE 3 Wire Diameter Tolerances, i
48、n.Wire Diameter (d), in. Tolerance, in.0.000 d # 0.005 60.00010.005 d # 0.010 60.00020.010 d # 0.020 60.00040.020 d # 0.063 60.00080.063 d # 0.160 60.00120.160 d # 0.320 60.0020FIG. A1.1 Set A/Alternate 1E747047FIG. A1.2 Set A/Alternate 2FIG. A1.3 Set B/Alternate 1E747048FIG. A1.4 Set B/Alternate 2F
49、IG. A1.5 Set C/Alternate 1E747049FIG. A1.6 Set C/Alternate 2FIG. A1.7 Set D/Alternate 1E7470410FIG. A1.8 Set D/Alternate 2NOTE 1All other IQI requirements as shown on Figs. 1-8 or Figs. A1.1-A1.8 apply.FIG. A1.9 Alternate Identification Locations and Letter, Number Size-Typical All Sets (A, B, C, D)E7470411APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CALCULATING OTHER EQUIVALENTSX1.1 The equation to determine the equivalencies betweenwire and (hole type) IQIs is as follows:F3d3l 5 T2H2p/4!
